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+# Design Document: Single-Fire Timer Implementation for Triac Control
+
+## Executive Summary
+
+This document proposes a redesign of the ESP32 Triac Dimmer Driver to use a **single-fire timer** approach instead of the current periodic timer with continuous checking. The new implementation will improve efficiency by eliminating unnecessary ISR invocations and reduce CPU overhead.
+
+## Current Implementation Analysis
+
+### How It Currently Works
+
+The existing implementation uses a **periodic timer** that fires every 100μs (for 50Hz) or 83.3μs (for 60Hz):
+
+1. **Zero-Crossing ISR** (`isr_ext`): Sets `zeroCross[i] = 1` when AC voltage crosses zero
+2. **Timer ISR** (`onTimerISR`): Fires **every timer interval** (100 times per half-cycle)
+   - Checks `if (zeroCross[k] == 1)` for each dimmer
+   - Increments `dimCounter[k]++`
+   - Checks `if (dimCounter[k] >= dimPulseBegin[k])` to fire the triac
+   - Checks `if (dimCounter[k] >= (dimPulseBegin[k] + pulseWidth))` to turn off
+
+### Problems with Current Approach
+
+1. **Excessive ISR Invocations**: Timer ISR fires 100 times per half-cycle, even when nothing needs to happen
+2. **Continuous Checking**: Every timer interrupt must check the state of all dimmers
+3. **CPU Overhead**: For 50Hz with 3 dimmers, that's 100 × 100 Hz × 3 = 30,000 checks per second
+4. **Wasted Cycles**: Most timer interrupts do nothing useful except increment counters
+5. **Latency**: Maximum latency is one timer interval (100μs) even if we know the exact firing time
+
+## Proposed Implementation: Single-Fire Timer
+
+### Core Concept
+
+Instead of checking on every timer cycle, **calculate the exact time to fire** and set a **one-shot timer** that fires once at that specific moment.
+
+### Key Components
+
+#### 1. Timer Modes
+
+The ESP32 GPTimer supports both modes:
+- **Periodic Mode** (current): Timer auto-reloads and fires repeatedly
+- **One-Shot Mode** (proposed): Timer fires once and stops
+
+We'll use **one-shot timers** scheduled at precise firing times.
+
+#### 2. Dual Timer Architecture
+
+To support multiple dimmers and handle the pulse width, we need:
+
+**Timer A - Triac Engagement Timer**
+- One-shot timer that fires when the triac should engage
+- Calculated as: `fire_time = zeroCross_timestamp + (dimPulseBegin[k] × timer_interval)`
+
+**Timer B - Pulse Width Timer** 
+- One-shot timer that fires after the pulse width duration
+- Calculated as: `pulse_off_time = fire_time + (pulseWidth × timer_interval)`
+
+**Alternative: Single Timer with Event Queue**
+- Use a single timer with dynamically updated alarm values
+- Maintain a sorted event queue of (timestamp, action, dimmer_id)
+- Fire timer at next event, execute action, schedule next event
+
+#### 3. New Data Structures
+
+```c
+// Per-dimmer timing information
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t next_fire_time;      // Absolute timestamp when triac should fire
+    uint64_t pulse_end_time;      // Absolute timestamp when pulse should end
+    bool pending_fire;            // True if fire event is scheduled
+    bool pending_pulse_end;       // True if pulse end is scheduled
+} dimmer_timing_t;
+
+// Event queue for managing multiple events
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t timestamp;           // When this event should occur
+    uint8_t dimmer_id;            // Which dimmer this affects
+    enum {
+        EVENT_FIRE_TRIAC,
+        EVENT_END_PULSE
+    } event_type;
+} timer_event_t;
+```
+
+#### 4. Zero-Crossing ISR (Modified)
+
+```c
+static void IRAM_ATTR isr_ext(void *arg)
+{
+    uint64_t current_time = get_timer_count();  // Get current timestamp
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < current_dim; i++)
+    {
+        if (dimState[i] == ON)
+        {
+            // Calculate exact fire time
+            uint64_t fire_delay = dimPulseBegin[i] * timer_interval_us;
+            uint64_t fire_time = current_time + fire_delay;
+            
+            // Schedule one-shot timer to fire at that time
+            schedule_timer_event(fire_time, i, EVENT_FIRE_TRIAC);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### 5. Timer ISR (Simplified)
+
+```c
+static void IRAM_ATTR onTimerISR(void *para)
+{
+    timer_event_t *event = get_next_event();
+    
+    if (event->event_type == EVENT_FIRE_TRIAC)
+    {
+        // Fire the triac
+        gpio_set_level(dimOutPin[event->dimmer_id], 1);
+        
+        // Schedule pulse end event
+        uint64_t pulse_end = event->timestamp + (pulseWidth * timer_interval_us);
+        schedule_timer_event(pulse_end, event->dimmer_id, EVENT_END_PULSE);
+    }
+    else if (event->event_type == EVENT_END_PULSE)
+    {
+        // Turn off triac gate
+        gpio_set_level(dimOutPin[event->dimmer_id], 0);
+    }
+    
+    // Schedule next event if queue not empty
+    if (has_pending_events())
+    {
+        timer_event_t *next = peek_next_event();
+        set_timer_alarm(next->timestamp);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Implementation Strategy
+
+### Phase 1: Add Event Queue Management
+
+Create functions to manage the event queue:
+
+```c
+// Initialize event queue
+void init_event_queue(void);
+
+// Add event to queue (sorted by timestamp)
+void schedule_timer_event(uint64_t timestamp, uint8_t dimmer_id, event_type_t type);
+
+// Get next event from queue
+timer_event_t* get_next_event(void);
+
+// Check if events are pending
+bool has_pending_events(void);
+
+// Peek at next event without removing
+timer_event_t* peek_next_event(void);
+```
+
+### Phase 2: Timer Reconfiguration
+
+Modify timer setup to support dynamic alarm values:
+
+```c
+void config_timer_oneshot(int ACfreq)
+{
+    gptimer_config_t timer_config = {
+        .clk_src = GPTIMER_CLK_SRC_DEFAULT,
+        .direction = GPTIMER_COUNT_UP,
+        .resolution_hz = 1000000  // 1MHz = 1μs resolution
+    };
+    
+    ESP_ERROR_CHECK(gptimer_new_timer(&timer_config, &gptimer));
+    
+    // Don't set auto_reload_on_alarm = true
+    gptimer_alarm_config_t alarm_config = {
+        .reload_count = 0,
+        .alarm_count = 0,  // Will be set dynamically
+        .flags.auto_reload_on_alarm = false  // One-shot mode
+    };
+    
+    ESP_ERROR_CHECK(gptimer_set_alarm_action(gptimer, &alarm_config));
+    
+    // Register callbacks
+    gptimer_event_callbacks_t cbs = {
+        .on_alarm = onTimerISR
+    };
+    ESP_ERROR_CHECK(gptimer_register_event_callbacks(gptimer, &cbs, NULL));
+    
+    ESP_ERROR_CHECK(gptimer_enable(gptimer));
+    ESP_ERROR_CHECK(gptimer_start(gptimer));
+}
+```
+
+### Phase 3: Zero-Crossing ISR Update
+
+Modify `isr_ext()` to calculate and schedule events:
+
+```c
+static void IRAM_ATTR isr_ext(void *arg)
+{
+    uint64_t zc_time;
+    gptimer_get_raw_count(gptimer, &zc_time);
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < current_dim; i++)
+    {
+        if (dimState[i] == ON)
+        {
+            // Calculate fire time based on power level
+            uint64_t delay_ticks = dimPulseBegin[i] * alarm_interval;
+            uint64_t fire_time = zc_time + delay_ticks;
+            
+            // Schedule the fire event
+            schedule_timer_event(fire_time, i, EVENT_FIRE_TRIAC);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Start timer with first event if not already running
+    if (has_pending_events() && !timer_running)
+    {
+        timer_event_t *next = peek_next_event();
+        gptimer_set_raw_count(gptimer, 0);
+        gptimer_set_alarm_action(gptimer, &(gptimer_alarm_config_t){
+            .alarm_count = next->timestamp - zc_time,
+            .flags.auto_reload_on_alarm = false
+        });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Phase 4: Timer ISR Simplification
+
+Simplify `onTimerISR()` to only handle scheduled events:
+
+```c
+static void IRAM_ATTR onTimerISR(void *para)
+{
+    timer_event_t *event = get_next_event();
+    
+    if (event == NULL) return;
+    
+    switch (event->event_type)
+    {
+        case EVENT_FIRE_TRIAC:
+            // Fire triac
+            gpio_set_level(dimOutPin[event->dimmer_id], 1);
+            
+            // Schedule pulse end
+            uint64_t current_time;
+            gptimer_get_raw_count(gptimer, &current_time);
+            uint64_t pulse_end_time = current_time + (pulseWidth * alarm_interval);
+            schedule_timer_event(pulse_end_time, event->dimmer_id, EVENT_END_PULSE);
+            break;
+            
+        case EVENT_END_PULSE:
+            // Turn off triac
+            gpio_set_level(dimOutPin[event->dimmer_id], 0);
+            break;
+    }
+    
+    // Schedule next event
+    if (has_pending_events())
+    {
+        timer_event_t *next = peek_next_event();
+        uint64_t current_time;
+        gptimer_get_raw_count(gptimer, &current_time);
+        
+        gptimer_alarm_config_t alarm_config = {
+            .alarm_count = next->timestamp,
+            .flags.auto_reload_on_alarm = false
+        };
+        gptimer_set_alarm_action(gptimer, &alarm_config);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Benefits of New Approach
+
+### 1. Reduced CPU Overhead
+
+**Current**: 100 ISR invocations per half-cycle × 100 half-cycles/sec = 10,000 ISRs/sec
+
+**New**: 2 ISR invocations per half-cycle × 100 half-cycles/sec = 200 ISRs/sec
+
+**Reduction**: 98% fewer ISR invocations
+
+### 2. Improved Precision
+
+- No latency from waiting for next timer tick
+- Exact firing at calculated time
+- Better power control accuracy
+
+### 3. Lower Power Consumption
+
+- Fewer interrupts = less CPU wake-ups
+- Better for battery-powered applications
+
+### 4. Better Multi-Dimmer Support
+
+- Scalability: Adding more dimmers doesn't increase ISR frequency
+- Current approach: 3 dimmers × 100 checks = 300 checks per half-cycle
+- New approach: 3 dimmers × 2 events = 6 events per half-cycle
+
+### 5. Cleaner Code
+
+- No need for counter variables
+- No need for state tracking across interrupts
+- Event-driven architecture is more maintainable
+
+## Potential Challenges
+
+### 1. Event Queue Management in ISR
+
+**Challenge**: Managing a sorted queue in an ISR context
+
+**Solution**: 
+- Use a fixed-size circular buffer
+- Pre-allocate event structures
+- Use simple insertion sort (small queue size)
+- Or use a priority queue implementation
+
+### 2. Timer Counter Overflow
+
+**Challenge**: ESP32 timer is 64-bit but will eventually overflow
+
+**Solution**:
+- Use relative timestamps from zero-crossing
+- Reset timer counter on each zero-crossing
+- Or use wraparound-safe comparisons
+
+### 3. Multiple Simultaneous Events
+
+**Challenge**: Multiple dimmers might need to fire at nearly the same time
+
+**Solution**:
+- Process events in timestamp order
+- Handle multiple events with same timestamp
+- Set next alarm immediately after processing
+
+### 4. Toggle Mode Adaptation
+
+**Challenge**: Toggle mode currently uses periodic counter
+
+**Solution**:
+- Implement toggle logic outside of ISR
+- Use a separate FreeRTOS task for toggle updates
+- Update `dimPulseBegin[]` values periodically
+- Zero-crossing ISR will use updated values
+
+## Backward Compatibility
+
+### API Compatibility
+
+All public API functions remain unchanged:
+- `createDimmer()`
+- `begin()`
+- `setPower()`
+- `getPower()`
+- `setState()`
+- `getState()`
+- `changeState()`
+- `setMode()`
+- `getMode()`
+- `toggleSettings()`
+
+### Configuration Compatibility
+
+- Same GPIO configuration
+- Same frequency settings (50Hz/60Hz)
+- Same power level mapping (0-99)
+- Same pulse width settings
+
+## Testing Strategy
+
+### 1. Unit Tests
+
+- Event queue operations
+- Timer scheduling calculations
+- Edge cases (overflow, simultaneous events)
+
+### 2. Integration Tests
+
+- Single dimmer operation
+- Multiple dimmer operation
+- Power level changes during operation
+- Toggle mode functionality
+
+### 3. Performance Tests
+
+- ISR frequency measurement
+- Timing accuracy measurement
+- CPU utilization measurement
+- Power consumption measurement
+
+### 4. Regression Tests
+
+- Ensure all existing examples still work
+- Verify backward compatibility
+- Test with different AC frequencies
+
+## Migration Path
+
+### Option A: New Implementation (Recommended)
+
+1. Implement as new functions with new internal architecture
+2. Keep existing functions for backward compatibility
+3. Allow users to opt-in via configuration flag
+
+### Option B: Direct Replacement
+
+1. Replace implementation while keeping API
+2. Thoroughly test before release
+3. Document changes in release notes
+
+## Code Size Impact
+
+**Estimated Changes:**
+
+- Event queue implementation: +200 lines
+- Modified timer configuration: +50 lines
+- Simplified ISR code: -30 lines
+- Additional helper functions: +100 lines
+
+**Net change**: ~+320 lines (but cleaner architecture)
+
+## Performance Metrics
+
+### Expected Improvements
+
+| Metric | Current | Proposed | Improvement |
+|--------|---------|----------|-------------|
+| ISR frequency (single dimmer, 50Hz) | 10,000/sec | 200/sec | 98% reduction |
+| ISR frequency (3 dimmers, 50Hz) | 10,000/sec | 600/sec | 94% reduction |
+| CPU overhead (estimated) | 2-3% | 0.1-0.2% | 90% reduction |
+| Timing precision | ±100μs | ±1μs | 100× improvement |
+| Response latency | 0-100μs | <1μs | Near-zero latency |
+
+## Implementation Timeline
+
+1. **Phase 1** (Week 1): Design review and approval
+2. **Phase 2** (Week 1-2): Implement event queue and helper functions
+3. **Phase 3** (Week 2): Modify timer configuration
+4. **Phase 4** (Week 2-3): Update ISR handlers
+5. **Phase 5** (Week 3): Testing and debugging
+6. **Phase 6** (Week 4): Documentation and examples
+
+## Conclusion
+
+The single-fire timer implementation offers significant performance improvements while maintaining full backward compatibility. The event-driven architecture is more efficient, more precise, and more scalable than the current periodic polling approach.
+
+### Recommended Next Steps
+
+1. **Review this design document** with stakeholders
+2. **Prototype event queue** implementation
+3. **Create test harness** for timing validation
+4. **Implement Phase 1** (event queue)
+5. **Iteratively implement** remaining phases
+6. **Comprehensive testing** before merge
+
+---
+
+**Document Version:** 1.0  
+**Date:** 2026-01-25  
+**Status:** Proposed  
+**Author:** ESP32 Triac Dimmer Driver Development Team