C examples: move mraa_init() calls out of C examples and into C drivers.

Signed-off-by: Jon Trulson <jtrulson@ics.com>

examples/c/a110x.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "a110x.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     a110x_context dev = a110x_init(2);
     bool abc = 0;
     while(1){

examples/c/bh1750.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "bh1750.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/collision.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "collision.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     collision_context dev = collision_init(2);
     bool abc = 0;
     while(1){

examples/c/dfrec.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "dfrec.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        printf("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/dfrorp.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "dfrorp.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/dfrph.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "dfrph.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/ds18b20.c

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 
 #include "ds18b20.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -40,12 +39,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/emg.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "emg.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/flex.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "flex.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/gp2y0a.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "gp2y0a.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     gp2y0a_context dev = gp2y0a_init(14, 5.0);
     float val;
     while(1){

examples/c/grovemoisture.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "grovemoisture.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     grovemoisture_context dev = grovemoisture_init(14);
     int val;
     while(1){

examples/c/gsr.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "gsr.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/hka5.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "hka5.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/joystick12.c

@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "joystick12.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
-
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -40,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/ldt0028.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "ldt0028.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/led.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "led.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main(void)
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     led_context dev = led_init(2);
     while(1){
         if(led_on(dev) != UPM_SUCCESS){

examples/c/light.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "light.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/loudness.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "loudness.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     loudness_context dev = loudness_init(14);
     int val;
     while(1){

examples/c/m24lr64e.c

@@ -6,16 +6,9 @@
 #include "m24lr64e.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     m24lr64e_context dev = m24lr64e_init(0, M24LR64E_USER_MODE);
     int addr = M24LR64E_EEPROM_I2C_LENGTH-1;
     printf("address being accessed: %d\n", addr);

examples/c/mma7361.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "mma7361.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/moisture.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "moisture.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     moisture_context dev = moisture_init(14);
     int val;
     while(1){

examples/c/mpr121.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "mpr121.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     mpr121_context dev = mpr121_init(MPR121_I2C_BUS, MPR121_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     if(mpr121_config_an3944(dev) != UPM_SUCCESS){

examples/c/mq303a.c

@@ -8,16 +8,8 @@
 #include "mq303a.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main() {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-
     /* --------- MQ303A EXAMPLE -------- */
     mq303a_context dev = mq303a_init(0, 15);
     printf("init done for mq303a\n");

examples/c/mqx.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "mqx.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/nmea_gps.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "nmea_gps.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -41,12 +40,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/nmea_gps_i2c.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "nmea_gps.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -41,12 +40,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/o2.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "o2.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/servo.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "es08a.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     es08a_context dev = es08a_init(3, ES08A_MIN_PULSE_WIDTH, ES08A_MAX_PULSE_WIDTH);
     if(dev == NULL){
         printf("unable to initialize the servo context\n");

examples/c/sht1x.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "sht1x.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/slide.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "slide.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/tsl2561.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "tsl2561.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     tsl2561_context dev = tsl2561_init(0, TSL2561_Address, GAIN_0X, INTEGRATION_TIME1_101MS);
     float abc = 0;
     if(tsl2561_get_lux(dev, &abc) != UPM_SUCCESS){

examples/c/ttp223.c

@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@
 #include "ttp223.h"
 
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     ttp223_context dev = ttp223_init(2);
     bool abc = 0;
     while(1){

examples/c/urm37-uart.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "urm37.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/urm37.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "urm37.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c/vdiv.c

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "vdiv.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
-#include "mraa.h"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 
 int main()
 {
-    if (mraa_init() != MRAA_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        perror("Failed to initialize mraa\n");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]

src/a110x/a110x.c

@@ -24,7 +24,15 @@
  */
 #include "a110x.h"
 
-a110x_context a110x_init(uint8_t pin){
+a110x_context a110x_init(uint8_t pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     a110x_context dev =
       (a110x_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _a110x_context));
 

src/bh1750/bh1750.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 bh1750_context bh1750_init(int bus, uint8_t addr, BH1750_OPMODES_T mode)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   bh1750_context dev =
     (bh1750_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _bh1750_context));
 

src/collision/collision.c

@@ -24,7 +24,15 @@
  */
 #include "collision.h"
 
-collision_context collision_init(int pin){
+collision_context collision_init(int pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     collision_context dev =
       (collision_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _collision_context));
 

src/dfrec/dfrec.c

@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@ static float average(const dfrec_context dev, int samples)
 dfrec_context dfrec_init(unsigned int apin, unsigned int uart_ow,
                          unsigned int device_idx, float a_ref)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   dfrec_context dev =
     (dfrec_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _dfrec_context));
 

src/dfrorp/dfrorp.c

@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@ static float average(const dfrorp_context dev, int samples)
 
 dfrorp_context dfrorp_init(unsigned int apin, float a_ref)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   dfrorp_context dev =
     (dfrorp_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _dfrorp_context));
 

src/dfrph/dfrph.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 dfrph_context dfrph_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     dfrph_context dev =
       (dfrph_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _dfrph_context));
 

src/ds18b20/ds18b20.c

@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ static float readSingleTemp(const ds18b20_context dev, unsigned int index);
 
 ds18b20_context ds18b20_init(unsigned int uart)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   ds18b20_context dev =
     (ds18b20_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _ds18b20_context));
 

src/emg/emg.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 emg_context emg_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     emg_context dev = (emg_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _emg_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/flex/flex.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 flex_context flex_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     flex_context dev = (flex_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _flex_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/gas/mqx.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 mqx_context mqx_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     mqx_context dev = (mqx_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _mqx_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/gp2y0a/gp2y0a.c

@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@
 #include "gp2y0a.h"
 
 gp2y0a_context gp2y0a_init(uint8_t pin, float a_ref){
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     gp2y0a_context dev = (gp2y0a_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _gp2y0a_context));
 
     dev->pin = pin;

src/gsr/gsr.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 gsr_context gsr_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     gsr_context dev = (gsr_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _gsr_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/hka5/hka5.c

@@ -50,6 +50,14 @@ static bool verify_cksum(uint8_t *pkt)
 
 hka5_context hka5_init(unsigned int uart, int set_pin, int reset_pin)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   hka5_context dev =
     (hka5_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _hka5_context));
 

src/joystick12/joystick12.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 joystick12_context joystick12_init(int16_t apin_x, int16_t apin_y)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     joystick12_context dev =
       (joystick12_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _joystick12_context));
 

src/ldt0028/ldt0028.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 ldt0028_context ldt0028_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     ldt0028_context dev = (ldt0028_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _ldt0028_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/led/led.c

@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@
 #include "upm_types.h"
 
 led_context led_init(uint8_t pin){
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     led_context dev =
       (led_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _led_context));
 

src/light/light.c

@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@
 
 light_context light_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     light_context dev = (light_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _light_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/loudness/loudness.c

@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@
 #include "loudness.h"
 
 loudness_context loudness_init(int pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     loudness_context dev =
       (loudness_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _loudness_context));
 

src/m24lr64e/m24lr64e.c

@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ upm_result_t m24lr64e_eeprom_write_bytes(m24lr64e_context dev,
                                          uint8_t* data, int len);
 
 m24lr64e_context m24lr64e_init(int bus, m24lr64e_access_mode mode){
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     m24lr64e_context dev =
       (m24lr64e_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _m24lr64e_context));
 

src/mma7361/mma7361.c

@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@ mma7361_context mma7361_init(int x_pin, int y_pin, int z_pin,
       return NULL;
     }
 
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   mma7361_context dev =
     (mma7361_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _mma7361_context));
 

src/moisture/moisture.c

@@ -26,6 +26,14 @@
 #include "moisture.h"
 
 moisture_context moisture_init(int pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     moisture_context dev =
       (moisture_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _moisture_context));
 

src/mpr121/mpr121.c

@@ -25,7 +25,15 @@
 
 #include "mpr121.h"
 
-mpr121_context mpr121_init(int bus, uint8_t address){
+mpr121_context mpr121_init(int bus, uint8_t address) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     mpr121_context dev = (mpr121_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _mpr121_context));
 
     if (!dev)

src/mq303a/mq303a.c

@@ -25,7 +25,15 @@
 
 #include "mq303a.h"
 
-mq303a_context mq303a_init(int pin, int heater_pin){
+mq303a_context mq303a_init(int pin, int heater_pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     mq303a_context dev =
       (mq303a_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _mq303a_context));
 

src/nmea_gps/nmea_gps.c

@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ static int readRegs(const nmea_gps_context dev, uint8_t reg,
 nmea_gps_context nmea_gps_init(unsigned int uart, unsigned int baudrate,
                                int enable_pin)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   nmea_gps_context dev =
     (nmea_gps_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _nmea_gps_context));
 
@@ -207,7 +215,8 @@ int nmea_gps_read(const nmea_gps_context dev, char *buffer, size_t len)
   if (dev->i2c)
     {
       int rv;
-      if ((rv = readRegs(dev, UBLOX6_I2C_BYTE_STREAM, buffer, len)) < 0)
+      if ((rv = readRegs(dev, UBLOX6_I2C_BYTE_STREAM, (uint8_t *)buffer,
+                         len)) < 0)
         return rv;
 
       // now we need to go through the bytes returned, and stop

src/o2/o2.c

@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@
 #include "o2.h"
 o2_context o2_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     o2_context dev = (o2_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _o2_context));
 
     if(dev == NULL) return NULL;

src/servo/es08a.c

@@ -25,7 +25,15 @@
 #include "es08a.h"
 
 es08a_context es08a_init(int32_t pin, int32_t min_pulse_width,
-                         int32_t max_pulse_width){
+                         int32_t max_pulse_width) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     es08a_context dev = (es08a_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _es08a_context));
 
     if(dev == NULL){
@@ -104,4 +112,4 @@ int es08a_get_min_pulse_width (es08a_context dev){
 
 int es08a_get_max_pulse_width (es08a_context dev){
     return dev->max_pulse_width;
-}
+}

src/servo/es9257.c

@@ -25,7 +25,16 @@
 #include "es9257.h"
 
 es9257_context es9257_init(int32_t pin, int32_t min_pulse_width,
-                         int32_t max_pulse_width){
+                         int32_t max_pulse_width) {
+
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     es9257_context dev = (es9257_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _es9257_context));
 
     if(dev == NULL){

src/sht1x/sht1x.c

@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@
 
 sht1x_context sht1x_init(unsigned int clk_pin, unsigned int data_pin)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
+
   sht1x_context dev =
     (sht1x_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _sht1x_context));
 

src/slide/slide.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 slide_context slide_init(int16_t pin)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     slide_context dev = (slide_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _slide_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL)

src/tsl2561/tsl2561.c

@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ upm_result_t tsl2561_compute_lux(const tsl2561_context dev, int *int_data);
 
 tsl2561_context tsl2561_init(int bus, uint8_t dev_address, uint8_t gain,
                              uint8_t integration_time){
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     tsl2561_context dev =
       (tsl2561_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _tsl2561_context));
 

src/ttp223/ttp223.c

@@ -25,7 +25,15 @@
 
 #include "ttp223.h"
 
-ttp223_context ttp223_init(int pin){
+ttp223_context ttp223_init(int pin) {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     ttp223_context dev = 
       (ttp223_context) malloc(sizeof(struct _ttp223_context));
 

src/urm37/urm37.c

@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ urm37_context urm37_init(uint8_t a_pin, uint8_t reset_pin,
                          uint8_t trigger_pin, float a_ref,
                          uint8_t uart_bus, bool analog_mode)
 {
+  // make sure MRAA is initialized
+  int mraa_rv;
+  if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+  {
+      printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+      return NULL;
+  }
 
   urm37_context dev = (urm37_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _urm37_context));
 

src/vdiv/vdiv.c

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 
 vdiv_context vdiv_init(int16_t pin, float voltage_ref)
 {
+    // make sure MRAA is initialized
+    int mraa_rv;
+    if ((mraa_rv = mraa_init()) != MRAA_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        printf("%s: mraa_init() failed (%d).\n", __FUNCTION__, mraa_rv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     vdiv_context dev = (vdiv_context)malloc(sizeof(struct _vdiv_context));
 
     if (dev == NULL) return NULL;