upm: v1.5.0

Signed-off-by: Mihai Tudor Panu <mihai.tudor.panu@intel.com>

.travis.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ before_install:
 jobs:
   fast_finish: true
   allow_failures:
-    - env: TARGET=sonar-scan
     - env: TARGET=ipk
   include:
     - &run-with-clang

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ find_package (PkgConfig REQUIRED)
 
 # Force a libmraa search and minimum required version every time a config is generated
 unset(MRAA_FOUND CACHE)
-set(MRAA_MINIMUM 1.7.0)
+set(MRAA_MINIMUM 1.8.0)
 pkg_check_modules (MRAA REQUIRED mraa>=${MRAA_MINIMUM})
 # Also, get full path to the mraa library
 find_library(MRAA_LIBRARY NAMES mraa HINTS ${MRAA_LIBDIR})
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ include (GetGitRevisionDescription)
 git_describe (VERSION "--tags")
 # If git_describe fails, use a dirty version
 if (${VERSION} MATCHES -NOTFOUND)
-  set (VERSION "v1.3.0")
+  set (VERSION "v1.5.0")
   message (WARNING "Failed to retrieve UPM version with 'git describe' (using "
       "${VERSION}). Check that git is installed and this is a valid git repo.")
 endif ()
@@ -310,7 +310,8 @@ endif()
 #
 if (BUILDDOC)
   # Add a target to generate API documentation with Doxygen
-  find_package (Doxygen REQUIRED)
+  find_package (Doxygen 1.8 REQUIRED)
+  if (DOXYGEN_FOUND AND DOXYGEN_VERSION VERSION_GREATER "1.8")
     configure_file (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/Doxyfile.in ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/Doxyfile @ONLY)
     if (BUILDSWIGJAVA)
         configure_file (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/Doxyfile.java.in ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/Doxyfile-java @ONLY)
@@ -325,12 +326,16 @@ if (BUILDDOC)
       WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
       COMMENT "Generating API documentation with Doxygen" VERBATIM
     )
+  else ()
+    message (SEND_ERROR "ERROR - Failed to find a compatible version of Doxygen. API doc will not be generated")
+  endif (DOXYGEN_FOUND AND DOXYGEN_VERSION VERSION_GREATER "1.8")
 
   # Check if Sphinx is installed and add target to generate API documentation
   # Currently, the per-module documentation for python is generated from the
   # python2 modules.
   if(BUILDSWIGPYTHON)
-    find_package (Sphinx REQUIRED)
+    find_package (Sphinx 1.3 REQUIRED)
+    if (SPHINX_FOUND AND SPHINX_VERSION VERSION_GREATER "1.3")
       configure_file (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/conf.py.in ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pydoc/conf.py @ONLY)
       configure_file (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/index.rst ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/pydoc/index.rst COPYONLY)
       add_custom_target (pydoc ALL
@@ -346,11 +351,15 @@ if (BUILDDOC)
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
         COMMENT "Generating API documentation with Sphinx" VERBATIM
       )
+    else ()
+      message (SEND_ERROR "ERROR - Failed to find a compatible version of Sphinx. Python API doc will not be generated")
+    endif ()
   endif(BUILDSWIGPYTHON)
 
   # Check if Yuidoc is installed and add target for API documentation
   if(BUILDSWIGNODE)
-    find_package(Yuidoc REQUIRED)
+    find_package (Yuidoc 0.10 REQUIRED)
+    if (YUIDOC_FOUND AND YUIDOC_VERSION VERSION_GREATER "0.10")
       add_custom_target (jsdoc ALL
         COMMAND ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/doxygen2jsdoc/docgen.js -m upm -i xml -o jsdoc -t ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src -g ../../
         COMMAND ${YUIDOC_EXECUTABLE} -C --no-sort --helpers ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/node/generators/yuidoc/helper.js --themedir ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/node/generators/yuidoc/tmpl -o html/node jsdoc/yuidoc/upm
@@ -359,6 +368,9 @@ if (BUILDDOC)
         WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
         COMMENT "Generating API documentation with Yuidoc" VERBATIM
       )
+    else ()
+      message (SEND_ERROR "ERROR - Failed to find a compatible version of Yuidoc. Node.js API doc will not be generated")
+    endif ()
   endif(BUILDSWIGNODE)
 endif (BUILDDOC)
 

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+<p align="center">
+  <img src="https://github.com/intel-iot-devkit/upm/blob/master/docs/icons/upm_logo.png" height="150px" width="auto" algt="UPM Logo"/>
+</p>
+
 UPM (Useful Packages & Modules) Sensor/Actuator repository for MRAA
 ==============
 
@@ -11,8 +15,9 @@ corresponding header file and instantiating the associated sensor class. In the
 typical use case, a constructor initializes the sensor based on parameters that
 identify the sensor, the I/O protocol used and the pin location of the sensor.
 
-C++ interfaces have been defined for the following sensor/actuator types, but
-they are subject to change:
+We endorse additions that implement the generic C and C++ interfaces provided
+with the libraries. Multiple sensor and actuator types have been defined, for
+instance:
 
 * Light controller 
 * Light sensor
@@ -22,8 +27,8 @@ they are subject to change:
 * Gas sensor
 * Analog to digital converter
 
-The developer community is encouraged to help expand the list of supported
-sensors and actuators and provide feedback on interface design.
+The developer community is welcome to submit feedback on existing categories or
+suggest new ones.
 
 ### Example
 
@@ -67,12 +72,16 @@ Supported [sensor list](http://iotdk.intel.com/docs/master/upm/modules.html) fro
 
 You can also refer to the [Intel® IoT Developer Zone](https://software.intel.com/iot/hardware/sensors).
 
-### IDE Integration
+### IDE Support
 
-If you would like to create projects and run the UPM samples using an Intel recommended IDE,
-please refer to the Intel Developer Zone IDE page.
+The UPM sensor libraries are directly supported by the IDEs listed on the Intel®
+Developer Zone Tools & IDEs page.
 
-<a href="https://software.intel.com/iot/software/ide"><img src="docs/icons/allides.png"/></a>
+<a href="https://software.intel.com/iot/tools"><img src="docs/icons/iss.png"/></a>
+
+Intel® System Studio integration offers IoT specific features such as a sensor explorer,
+library sync tools and the ability to easily import existing projects and samples that
+use the UPM libraries. For further details please refer to the IoT User Guides on IDZ.
 
 ### Installing UPM
 

cmake/modules/FindSphinx.cmake

@@ -17,13 +17,15 @@ find_package_handle_standard_args (Sphinx DEFAULT_MSG
     SPHINX_API_EXECUTABLE
 )
 
-# Get Sphinx version
+# Get Sphinx Version
 if (SPHINX_EXECUTABLE)
     execute_process(COMMAND ${SPHINX_EXECUTABLE} --version
-                    OUTPUT_VARIABLE SPHINX_VERSION)
-    if(SPHINX_VERSION)
-      string(REGEX MATCH "([0-9]\\.[0-9]\\.[0-9])" SPHINX_VERSION_STR ${SPHINX_VERSION})
-      message (STATUS "Sphinx version is ${SPHINX_VERSION_STR}")
+                    OUTPUT_VARIABLE SPHINX_VERSION_STRING
+                    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
+                    ERROR_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+    if (SPHINX_VERSION_STRING)
+        string(REPLACE "Sphinx (sphinx-build) " "" SPHINX_VERSION ${SPHINX_VERSION_STRING})
+        message (STATUS "Sphinx version is ${SPHINX_VERSION}")
     endif ()
 endif ()
 

docs/apichanges.md

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ API Changes                       {#apichanges}
 Here's a list of other API changes made to the library that break source/binary
 compatibility between releases:
 
+# v1.5.0
+
+ * **VEML6070** This sensor class no longer needs an I2C address when
+ initialized, since they are fixed. Only the I2C bus number needs to
+ be provided.
+
 # v1.3.0
 
  * **The lsm303 driver has been renamed** There are a variety of

docs/building.md

@@ -34,7 +34,12 @@ make install
 
 The last command will create the include/ and lib/ directories with a copy of
 the headers and library objects respectively in your build location. Note that
-doing an out-of-source build may cause issues when rebuilding later on.
+doing an out-of-source build may cause issues when rebuilding later on. In many
+cases you'll need elevated permissions to install:
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.sh}
+sudo make install
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 Our cmake configure has a number of options, *cmake-gui* or *ccmake* can show
 you all the options. The interesting ones are detailed below:

docs/changelog.md

@@ -4,6 +4,20 @@ Changelog                         {#changelog}
 Here's a list summarizing some of the key undergoing changes to our library
 from earlier versions:
 
+### v1.5.0
+
+ * Introduced a flexible JSON format for technical sensor specifications, notes
+ and classification. This is also used by our [new UPM website](http://upm.mraa.io)
+ * Revised all C++ sensor examples and switched to stack allocations where
+ possible along with other code and formatting clean-up
+ * Significantly improved docker workflow, CI integration, sanity and
+ consistency tests, static code scans and documentation generation
+ * Several improvements to a couple of existing sensor drivers and better
+ compatibility with subplatforms
+ * Added new std::vector to AbstractList<> typemap for Java bindings and
+ examples
+ * New sensors: lis2ds12, lsm6ds3h, lsm6dsl, lidarlitev3
+
 ### v1.3.0
 
  * Finalized all required build system and JAVA binding changes to release the

docs/creating_java_bindings.md

@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ As much as possible, avoid passing values/returning values through pointers give
   ```
 
 3. Functions that return N values through pointers, that do not make sense to grouped together (e.g. a general purpose function that returns both the light intensity and air pollution), should be __replaced by__ N functions (one for each value) that read only one specific value. E.g.:
-
   ```c++
   /*  
    * Function returns the light intensity and air pollution  
@@ -82,7 +81,6 @@ As much as possible, avoid passing values/returning values through pointers give
   ```
 
 4. Functions that return N values through pointers; values that do not make sense to be grouped together, but are time dependent, and make sense to be read at the same time. For example, a sensor that reads air humidity and temperature. A user may want to know the temperature value _temp_ read at the exact moment the humidity value _humid_ was read. These should be __replaced by__ N+1 functions: a _getData()_ function that reads all values at the same time and stores them in global variables; and N getter functions, one for each value. E.g.
-
   ```c++
   /*  
    * Function returns the light intensity and air pollution  
@@ -325,7 +323,6 @@ Consider the following files:
 The build process of a java module using SWIG is split into two steps:
 
 1. Generating the intermediate files, from the SWIG interface file. This will produce the java class file (Example.java), the JNI file (exampleJNI.java) and wrapper file (example_wrap.cxx). The source file (example.cxx) is not needed in the first step.
-
   ```
   swig -c++ -java example.i
   ```
@@ -336,7 +333,6 @@ g++ -fPIC -c example.cxx example_wrap.cxx -I/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0/include -I/u
   g++ -shared example_wrap.o sensor.o -o libexample.so
   ```
 
-
 SWIGJAVA is always defined when SWIG parses the interface file, meaning it will be defined when it parses the header file (example.h) that is included in the interface file (example.i).
 SWIG also adds the "#define SWIGJAVA" directive in the wrapper file (example_wrap.cxx).
 However, in generating the shared library the SWIGJAVA symbol is only defined in the example_wrap.cxx file, because of the added "#define SWIGJAVA" directive. But we have also used the "#if defined(SWIGJAVA)" check in the source file (example.cxx), and thus need to define SWIGJAVA for it too. If we define the SWIGJAVA symbol as a compile flag, when compiling the source code to object code, the SWIGJAVA compile flag and #define SWIGJAVA" directive will clash and give a double definition warning (only a warning).

docs/documentation.md

@@ -10,93 +10,132 @@ sensors that you want to add to UPM:
 - Have the specific sensor manufacturer/model & version that you used, if you
   support multiple versions please list.
 - Simple comments do not need full stops.
-- Stick to <80 chars per line even in comments.
+- Stick to <80 chars per line where possible.
 - No text is allowed on the same line as the start or end of a comment /** */.
 
-####The sensor block
+We currently document our libraries in the following way:
 
-This is added just before the class declaration in your header(.h) file and has
-mandatory fields. For single sensor libraries, this block will actually
-follow immediately after the library block. If you have multiple physical
-sensors, add this to every one.
-Here's an example (disregard the "@verbatim" tags in your actual code):
+* **Doxygen** is used for documenting the API and generating the categories on
+  the [UPM Libraries page](https://iotdk.intel.com/docs/master/upm/modules.html).
+  You can learn more about the Doxygen syntax [here](http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/manual/docblocks.html).
+* **JSON** is used to provide sensor specifications, descriptions, supported
+  platforms, links and other details.
 
-```
-@verbatim
-/**
- * @library <lib-name>
- * @sensor <chip-id>
- * @comname <component-name>
- * @altname <alt-name>
- * @altid <alt-id>
- * @type <component-category>
- * @man <component-manufacturer>
- * @web <component-weblinks>
- * @con <connection-type>
- * @kit <component-kit>
- *
- * @brief Short class/sensor description
- *
- *   Then add a longer
- *   description here.
- *
- * @image html <component-img.jpeg>
- * @snippet <example-name.cxx> Interesting
- */
-@endverbatim
+When submitting a new driver, you will have to at least fill out the mandatory
+fields as described below.
+
+### The library JSON file
+
+Let's use the BME280 class snippet from the bmp280.json file as an example:
+
+```json
+{
+    "Library": "bmp280",
+    "Description": "Bosch Atmospheric Sensor Library",
+    "Sensor Class":
+    {
+        "BME280":
+        {
+            "Name": "Digital Humidity, Pressure, and Temperature Sensor",
+            "Description": "The BME280 is as combined digital humidity, pressure and temperature sensor based on proven sensing principles. The sensor module is housed in an extremely compact metal-lid LGA package with a footprint of only 2.5 * 2.5 mm2 with a height of 0.93 mm. Its small dimensions and its low power consumption allow the implementation in battery driven devices such as handsets, GPS modules or watches. The BME280 is register and performance compatible to the Bosch Sensortec BMP280 digital pressure sensor",
+            "Aliases": ["bme280", "Grove - Barometer Sensor(BME280)"],
+            "Categories": ["pressure", "humidity", "temperature"],
+            "Connections": ["gpio", "i2c", "spi"],
+            "Project Type": ["prototyping", "industrial"],
+            "Manufacturers": ["adafruit", "seeed", "bosch"],
+            "Examples":
+            {
+                "Java": ["BMP280_Example.java"],
+                "Python": ["bmp280.py"],
+                "Node.js": ["bmp280.js"],
+                "C++": ["bmp280.cxx"],
+                "C": ["bmp280.c"]
+            },
+            "Specifications":
+            {
+                "Vdd": {"unit": "v", "low" : 1.7, "high": 3.6},
+                "Ioff" : {"unit": "mA", "low" : 0.0, "high": 0.0},
+                "Iavg": {"unit": "mA", "low" : 1, "high": 2},
+                "Pressure Range": {"unit": "hpA", "low" : 300, "high": 1100},
+                "Temperature Range": {"unit": "C", "low" : -40, "high": 85}
+            },
+            "Platforms":
+            {
+                "Intel Joule Module":
+                {
+                    "Notes": ["Requires pull-up resistors with carrier board"]
+                }
+            },
+            "Urls" :
+            {
+                "Product Pages": ["https://www.adafruit.com/products/2652"],
+                "Datasheets": ["https://ae-bst.resource.bosch.com/media/_tech/media/datasheets/BST-BME280_DS001-11.pdf"],
+                "Schematics": ["https://learn.adafruit.com/assets/26693"]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 ```
 
-- `<lib-name>` When adding to an existing library this needs to match that
-  library's "@defgroup", otherwise this is a new library name, generally the
-  same as chip id. *Mandatory*
-- `<chip-id>` Usually the chip number used by the sensor. When this is not
-  available or relevant, use a unique descriptor that makes sense. Must match
-  class name. *Mandatory*
-- `<component-name>` Title Case descriptive name for your sensor, try to avoid
-  including the manufacturer's name here.  Examples: Digital Pressure Sensor,
-  Serial MP3 Module, etc... *Mandatory*
-- `<alt-name>` Alternative names that your sensor driver might have. This may
-  include manufacturer's name. *Optional*
-- `<alt-id>` Alternative chip-ids that your sensor driver supports. *Optional*
-- `<component-category>` Mention one or more categories the sensor fits in. Can
-  be 'other'. *Mandatory*
-- `<component-manufacturer>` Sensor manufacturer. Can be 'generic'. *Mandatory*
-- `<component-weblinks>` Links to vendors or data-sheets. *Optional*
-- `<connection-type>` Specifies how does the sensor connect to the board
-  *Mandatory*
-- `<component-kit>` Specifies if the sensor is part of a kit. *Optional*
+#### Mandatory fields:
 
-Existing groups that can be used for the manufacturer, connection, category and
-kit tags are found in the *src/groups.md* file.
+For the library:
 
-Optionally, a small representative image can be placed in the "docs/images"
-subfolder and linked with the "@image" tag.
-**Please do not use existing, copyrighted images with your sensors!**
+- `Library` The name of the library. This is appended to the upm prefix during
+  a build.
+- `Description` A short description of the library and what it contains.
 
-The example should have an 'Interesting' section which will be highlighted as
-a code sample in doxygen. Everything in between such tags will show up in the
-class documentation when "@snippet" is added at the end of a class docstring.
-Tags use this format (in "example-name.cxx"):
+For the sensor classes:
 
-```
-@verbatim
- //! [Interesting]
+- `Sensor Class` This is the object containing the sensor class(es) within the
+  library. Class objects need to match the name used in code.
+- `Name` Title Case descriptive names for your sensor. Multiple values can be
+  used to capture the chip name, generic name, or specific name for a vendor.
+  Examples: Digital Pressure Sensor, Serial MP3 Module
+- `Description` A more detailed explanation what the sensor does and how it
+  works.
+- `Categories` Mention one or more categories the sensor fits in. Accepted
+  values are listed in the groups.md file.
+- `Connections` Specifies how does the sensor connect to the board. Accepted
+  values are listed in the groups.md file.
+- `Project Type` What time of projects is the sensor suited for. For example:
+  prototyping, industrial, commercial.
+- `Manufacturers` List of sensor manufacturers or vendors. Can be 'generic',
+  other accepted values in groups.md.
+- `Examples` Names of the example files provided with the library. At a minimum,
+  the `C++` example needs to be provided.
+- `Urls` At least one link for `Product Pages` needs to be provided. Additional
+  links to `Datasheets` or `Schematics` can be added.
 
-    ...example code here...
+#### Optional and customizable fields
 
- //! [Interesting]
-@endverbatim
-```
+- `Kits` Specifies if the sensor is part of a kit. Accepted values are listed
+ in the groups.md file.
+- `Image` Name of the image file provided with the sensor class.
+- `Specifications` Relevant sensor specifications as listed in the datasheet.
+- `Platforms` Platform specific notes or known limitations and workarounds.
 
-For more examples take a look at the existing headers in our github repository.
+As mentioned, accepted values for some of the fields are listed under the
+[groups.md](../src/groups.md) file. If needed, you can add new categories
+for your sensor library following the existing format.
 
-####The library block
+JSON files are automatically checked for correctness and required fields on
+code submissions.
+
+**Please do not use copyrighted images with your sensors!**
+
+Images from Seeed, DFRobot, Sparkfun or Adafruit are permitted.
+
+### Doxygen tags
+
+#### The library doxygen block
 
 New libraries must have the "@brief", "@defgroup" and "@ingroup" tags in one
 block. This usually follows the namespace and it is common to have one sensor
 per library.
 
-You should end up with something like this:
+You should end up with something like this (disregard the "@verbatim" tags in
+your actual code):
 
 ```
 @verbatim
@@ -111,8 +150,43 @@ You should end up with something like this:
 @endverbatim
 ```
 
-In "@defgroup" use the same `<lib-name>` used in the sensor block. Multiple
-sensors can be added to the same library this way.
+Use `<lib-name>` to name the library.
+
 For "@ingroup" add the same values as in the sensor block for manufacturer,
 category, connection type and kit. If you have multiple classes or sensors
 per library, only use the "@ingroup" tags that are common for all of them.
+
+Existing groups that can be used for the manufacturer, connection, category and
+kit tags are found in the *src/groups.md* file.
+
+#### The sensor doxygen block
+
+This is added just before the class declaration in your header(.hpp) file and has
+one mandatory field. For single sensor libraries, this block will actually follow
+immediately after the library block. If you have multiple sensor classes, add
+this to every one.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+```
+@verbatim
+/**
+ * @library <lib-name>
+ * @brief Short class/sensor description
+ *
+ *   Then add a longer
+ *   description here.
+ */
+@endverbatim
+```
+
+When adding to an existing library, `<lib-name>` needs to match that library's
+"@defgroup".
+
+For more examples take a look at the existing headers in our github repository.
+Also, make sure to check our [sensortemplate](contributions.md#creating-a-new-sensor-library-using-the-sensortemplate)
+as it can facilitate new sensor additions.
+
+Existing header files might have additional fields under the sensor block. These
+have been used in the past to generate sensor pages outside of doxygen, but they
+are now deprecated and not required for new additions.

docs/installing.md

@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ To install:
 ```bash
 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mraa/mraa
 sudo apt-get update
-sudo apt-get install libupm-dev python-upm python3-upm upm-examples
+sudo apt-get install libupm-dev libupm-java python-upm python3-upm node-upm upm-examples
 ```
 
-Note that the Ubuntu PPA only provides the C/C++ and Python packages. Node.js
-developers will have to install MRAA and UPM using NPM instead.
+Running UPM applications on Ubuntu systems requires elevated permissions
+(e.g. run with `sudo`).
 
 ### Node.js bindings only (NPM)
 

doxy/Doxyfile.in

@@ -860,7 +860,8 @@ EXCLUDE_SYMLINKS       = NO
 # bmi160 driver contains code provided by bosch.  This source contains
 # tags which are picked up by doxygen (namely \mainpage) and
 # incorrectly get added to docs.
-EXCLUDE_PATTERNS       = bosch_*
+EXCLUDE_PATTERNS       = bosch_* \
+                         sensortemplate*
 
 # The EXCLUDE_SYMBOLS tag can be used to specify one or more symbol names
 # (namespaces, classes, functions, etc.) that should be excluded from the

examples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function (add_example example_src)
 
     # Add each dependency to the library target
     foreach(_dep_target ${lib_target_names})
-        target_link_libraries(${this_target_name} ${_dep_target} ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+        target_link_libraries(${this_target_name} ${_dep_target} ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT} utilities-c)
     endforeach ()
 endfunction (add_example example_src)
 

examples/c++/a110x-intr.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,19 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
 #include "a110x.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
@@ -41,36 +44,36 @@ void sig_handler(int signo)
 volatile unsigned int counter = 0;
 
 // Our interrupt handler
-void hallISR(void *arg)
+void
+hallISR(void* arg)
 {
     counter++;
 }
 
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an A110X sensor on digital pin D2
-  upm::A110X* hall = new upm::A110X(2);
+    upm::A110X hall(2);
 
     // This example uses a user-supplied interrupt handler to count
     // pulses that occur when a magnetic field of the correct polarity
     // is detected.  This could be used to measure the rotations per
     // minute (RPM) of a rotor for example.
 
-  hall->installISR(hallISR, NULL);
+    hall.installISR(hallISR, NULL);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         cout << "Pulses detected: " << counter << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete hall;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/a110x.cxx

@@ -22,46 +22,46 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "a110x.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an A110X sensor on digital pin D2
-  upm::A110X* hall = new upm::A110X(2);
+    upm::A110X hall(2);
 
     // check every second for the presence of a magnetic field (south
     // polarity)
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      bool val = hall->magnetDetected();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        bool val = hall.magnetDetected();
         if (val)
             cout << "Magnet (south polarity) detected." << endl;
         else
             cout << "No magnet detected." << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete hall;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/abp.cxx

@@ -22,40 +22,41 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "abp.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an ABP sensor on i2c bus 0
-    upm::ABP* abp = new upm::ABP(0, ABP_DEFAULT_ADDRESS);
+    upm::ABP abp(0, ABP_DEFAULT_ADDRESS);
     while (shouldRun) {
-        abp->update();
-        cout << "Retrieved pressure: " << abp->getPressure() << endl;
-        cout << "Retrieved Temperature: " << abp->getTemperature() << endl;
+        abp.update();
+        cout << "Retrieved pressure: " << abp.getPressure() << endl;
+        cout << "Retrieved Temperature: " << abp.getTemperature() << endl;
 
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-    delete abp;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/ad8232.cxx

@@ -22,44 +22,45 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "ad8232.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Ad8232 sensor on digital pins 10 (LO+), 11 (LO-)
     // and an analog pin, 0 (OUTPUT)
-  upm::AD8232 *ad8232 = new upm::AD8232(10, 11, 0);
+    upm::AD8232 ad8232(10, 11, 0);
 
     // Output the raw numbers from the ADC, for plotting elsewhere.
     // A return of 0 indicates a Lead Off (LO) condition.
     // In theory, this data could be fed to software like Processing
     // (https://www.processing.org/) to plot the data just like an
     // EKG you would see in a hospital.
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << ad8232->value() << endl;      
-      usleep(1000);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << ad8232.value() << endl;
+        upm_delay_us(1000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete ad8232;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/adafruitms1438-stepper.cxx

@@ -22,61 +22,56 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "adafruitms1438.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an Adafruit MS 1438 on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::AdafruitMS1438 *ms = 
-    new upm::AdafruitMS1438(ADAFRUITMS1438_I2C_BUS, 
-                            ADAFRUITMS1438_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::AdafruitMS1438 ms(ADAFRUITMS1438_I2C_BUS, ADAFRUITMS1438_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     // Setup for use with a stepper motor connected to the M1 & M2 ports
 
     // set a PWM period of 50Hz
 
     // disable first, to be safe
-  ms->disableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
+    ms.disableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
 
     // configure for a NEMA-17, 200 steps per revolution
-  ms->stepConfig(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 200);
+    ms.stepConfig(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 200);
 
     // set speed at 10 RPM's
-  ms->setStepperSpeed(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 10);
-  ms->setStepperDirection(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 
-                          AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CW);
+    ms.setStepperSpeed(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 10);
+    ms.setStepperDirection(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CW);
 
     // enable
     cout << "Enabling..." << endl;
-  ms->enableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
+    ms.enableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
 
     cout << "Rotating 1 full revolution at 10 RPM speed." << endl;
-  ms->stepperSteps(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 200);
+    ms.stepperSteps(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 200);
 
     cout << "Sleeping for 2 seconds..." << endl;
-  sleep(2);
-  cout << "Rotating 1/2 revolution in opposite direction at 10 RPM speed." 
-       << endl;
+    upm_delay(2);
+    cout << "Rotating 1/2 revolution in opposite direction at 10 RPM speed." << endl;
 
-  ms->setStepperDirection(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 
-                          AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CCW);
-  ms->stepperSteps(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 100);
+    ms.setStepperDirection(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CCW);
+    ms.stepperSteps(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12, 100);
 
     cout << "Disabling..." << endl;
-  ms->disableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
+    ms.disableStepper(AdafruitMS1438::STEPMOTOR_M12);
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  delete ms;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/adafruitms1438.cxx

@@ -22,54 +22,51 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "adafruitms1438.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an Adafruit MS 1438 on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::AdafruitMS1438 *ms = 
-    new upm::AdafruitMS1438(ADAFRUITMS1438_I2C_BUS, 
-                            ADAFRUITMS1438_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::AdafruitMS1438 ms(ADAFRUITMS1438_I2C_BUS, ADAFRUITMS1438_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     // Setup for use with a DC motor connected to the M3 port
 
     // set a PWM period of 50Hz
-  ms->setPWMPeriod(50);
+    ms.setPWMPeriod(50);
 
     // disable first, to be safe
-  ms->disableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
+    ms.disableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
 
     // set speed at 50%
-  ms->setMotorSpeed(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, 50);
-  ms->setMotorDirection(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CW);
+    ms.setMotorSpeed(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, 50);
+    ms.setMotorDirection(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CW);
 
-  cout << "Spin M3 at half speed for 3 seconds, then reverse for 3 seconds."
-       << endl;
+    cout << "Spin M3 at half speed for 3 seconds, then reverse for 3 seconds." << endl;
 
-  ms->enableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
+    ms.enableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
 
-  sleep(3);
+    upm_delay(3);
 
     cout << "Reversing M3" << endl;
-  ms->setMotorDirection(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CCW);
+    ms.setMotorDirection(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3, AdafruitMS1438::DIR_CCW);
 
-  sleep(3);
+    upm_delay(3);
 
     cout << "Stopping M3" << endl;
-  ms->disableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
+    ms.disableMotor(AdafruitMS1438::MOTOR_M3);
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  delete ms;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/adafruitss.cxx

@@ -22,55 +22,56 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-
 /**
  * Description
  * Demo program for Adafruit 16 channel servo shield/controller
  * Physical setup for tests is a single servo attached to one channel.
  * Note - when 3 or more GWS servos attached results unpredictable.
- * Adafruit do recommend a Cap be installed on the board which should alleviate the issue.
+ * Adafruit do recommend a Cap be installed on the board which should alleviate
+ * the issue.
  * I (and Adafruit) are unable to give any Capacitor sizing data.
  */
 
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "adafruitss.hpp"
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-int main() {
-
+int
+main()
+{
     int n;
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  upm::adafruitss* servos = new upm::adafruitss(6,0x40);
+    upm::adafruitss servos(6, 0x40);
 
-  for (;;)
-  {
+    for (;;) {
         cout << "Setting all to 0" << endl;
         for (n = 0; n < 16; n++)
-        servos->servo(n, 1, 0); // GWS Mini Servo = Type 1.
-    usleep(1000000); // Wait 1 second
+            servos.servo(n, 1, 0); // GWS Mini Servo = Type 1.
+        upm_delay_us(1000000);     // Wait 1 second
 
         cout << "Setting all to 45" << endl;
         for (n = 0; n < 16; n++)
-        servos->servo(n, 1, 45);
-    usleep(1000000); // Wait 1 second
+            servos.servo(n, 1, 45);
+        upm_delay_us(1000000); // Wait 1 second
 
         cout << "Setting all to 90" << endl;
         for (n = 0; n < 16; n++)
-        servos->servo(n, 1, 90);
-    usleep(1000000); // Wait 1 second
+            servos.servo(n, 1, 90);
+        upm_delay_us(1000000); // Wait 1 second
 
         cout << "Setting all to 135" << endl;
         for (n = 0; n < 16; n++)
-        servos->servo(n, 1, 135);
-    usleep(1000000); // Wait 1 second
+            servos.servo(n, 1, 135);
+        upm_delay_us(1000000); // Wait 1 second
 
         cout << "Setting all to 180" << endl;
         for (n = 0; n < 16; n++)
-        servos->servo(n, 1, 160);
-    usleep(2000000); // Wait 1 second
+            servos.servo(n, 1, 160);
+        upm_delay_us(2000000); // Wait 1 second
     }
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;

examples/c++/adc121c021.cxx

@@ -22,45 +22,44 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <signal.h>
+
 #include "adc121c021.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an ADC121C021 on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::ADC121C021 *adc = new upm::ADC121C021(ADC121C021_I2C_BUS, 
-                                             ADC121C021_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::ADC121C021 adc(ADC121C021_I2C_BUS, ADC121C021_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     // An analog sensor, such as a Grove light sensor,
     // must be attached to the adc
     // Prints the value and corresponding voltage every 50 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      uint16_t val = adc->value();
-      cout << "ADC value: " << val << " Volts = " 
-           << adc->valueToVolts(val) << endl;
-      usleep(50000);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        uint16_t val = adc.value();
+        cout << "ADC value: " << val << " Volts = " << adc.valueToVolts(val) << endl;
+        upm_delay_us(50000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete adc;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/adis16448.cxx

@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@
 // This example code runs on an Intel Edison and uses mraa to acquire data
 // from an ADIS16448. This data is then scaled and printed onto the terminal.
 //
-// This software has been tested to connect to an ADIS16448 through a level shifter
-// such as the TI TXB0104. The SPI lines (DIN, DOUT, SCLK, /CS) are all wired through
-// the level shifter and the ADIS16448 is also being powered by the Intel Edison.
+// This software has been tested to connect to an ADIS16448 through a level
+// shifter
+// such as the TI TXB0104. The SPI lines (DIN, DOUT, SCLK, /CS) are all wired
+// through
+// the level shifter and the ADIS16448 is also being powered by the Intel
+// Edison.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 // a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -36,31 +39,29 @@
 // WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 //
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <signal.h>
 
 #include "adis16448.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
-    while(true)
-    {
+    while (true) {
         //! [Interesting]
-        upm::ADIS16448* imu = new upm::ADIS16448(0,3); //upm::ADIS16448(SPI,RST)
+        upm::ADIS16448 imu(0, 3); // upm::ADIS16448(SPI,RST)
 
         // Read the specified register, scale it, and display it on the screen
-        std::cout << "XGYRO_OUT:" << imu->gyroScale(imu->regRead(XGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "YGYRO_OUT:" << imu->gyroScale(imu->regRead(YGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "ZGYRO_OUT:" << imu->gyroScale(imu->regRead(ZGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "XGYRO_OUT:" << imu.gyroScale(imu.regRead(XGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "YGYRO_OUT:" << imu.gyroScale(imu.regRead(YGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "ZGYRO_OUT:" << imu.gyroScale(imu.regRead(ZGYRO_OUT)) << std::endl;
         std::cout << " " << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "XACCL_OUT:" << imu->accelScale(imu->regRead(XACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "YACCL_OUT:" << imu->accelScale(imu->regRead(YACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "ZACCL_OUT:" << imu->accelScale(imu->regRead(ZACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "XACCL_OUT:" << imu.accelScale(imu.regRead(XACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "YACCL_OUT:" << imu.accelScale(imu.regRead(YACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "ZACCL_OUT:" << imu.accelScale(imu.regRead(ZACCL_OUT)) << std::endl;
         std::cout << " " << std::endl;
         //! [Interesting]
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     return (0);
 }

examples/c++/ads1x15-adc-sensor.cxx

@@ -22,39 +22,30 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
 #include "ads1015.hpp"
+#include "iADC.hpp"
 #include "mraa/gpio.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 #define EDISON_I2C_BUS 1
 #define FT4222_I2C_BUS 0
 #define EDISON_GPIO_SI7005_CS 20
 
-
-//! [Interesting]
-// Simple example of using IADC to determine
-// which sensor is present and return its name.
-// IADC is then used to get readings from sensor
-
-
-upm::IADC* getADC()
+int
+main()
 {
-   upm::IADC* adc = NULL;
-   try {
-      adc = new upm::ADS1015(EDISON_I2C_BUS);
+    /* Create an instance of the ADS1015 sensor */
+    upm::ADS1015 sensor(EDISON_I2C_BUS);
     mraa::Gpio gpio(EDISON_GPIO_SI7005_CS);
     gpio.dir(mraa::DIR_OUT_HIGH);
-      return adc;
-   } catch (std::exception& e) {
-      std::cerr << "ADS1015: " << e.what() << std::endl;
-   }
-   return adc;
-}
 
-int main ()
-{
-   upm::IADC* adc = getADC();
+    /* Show usage from the IADC interface */
+    upm::IADC* adc = static_cast<upm::IADC*>(&sensor);
+
     if (adc == NULL) {
         std::cout << "ADC not detected" << std::endl;
         return 1;
@@ -71,9 +62,9 @@ int main ()
                 std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
             }
         }
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
-   delete adc;
+
     return 0;
 }
 

examples/c++/ads1x15-ads1015.cxx

@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@
  */
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
-#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "ads1015.hpp"
+#include "ads1x15.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
@@ -41,13 +43,15 @@ using namespace upm;
 bool running = true; // Controls main read/write loop
 
 // Thread function
-void stop()
+void
+stop()
 {
-    sleep(10);
+    upm_delay(10);
     running = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     long id = 0;                        // Sample number
@@ -55,20 +59,20 @@ int main()
     ofstream f;
 
     // Initialize and configure the ADS1015
-    ADS1015 *ads1015 = new upm::ADS1015(0, 0x48);
+    ADS1015 ads1015(0, 0x48);
 
     // Put the ADC into differential mode for pins A0 and A1
-    ads1015->getSample(ADS1X15::DIFF_0_1);
+    ads1015.getSample(ADS1X15::DIFF_0_1);
 
     // Set the gain based on expected VIN range to -/+ 2.048 V
     // Can be adjusted based on application to as low as -/+ 0.256 V, see API
     // documentation for details
-    ads1015->setGain(ADS1X15::GAIN_TWO);
+    ads1015.setGain(ADS1X15::GAIN_TWO);
 
     // Set the sample rate to 3300 samples per second (max) and turn on continuous
     // sampling
-    ads1015->setSPS(ADS1015::SPS_3300);
-    ads1015->setContinuous(true);
+    ads1015.setSPS(ADS1015::SPS_3300);
+    ads1015.setContinuous(true);
 
     // Enable exceptions from the output stream
     f.exceptions(ofstream::failbit | ofstream::badbit);
@@ -85,14 +89,13 @@ int main()
 
         // Read sensor data and write it to the output file every ms
         while (running) {
-            f << id++ << " " << ads1015->getLastSample() << endl;
-            usleep(1000);
+            f << id++ << " " << ads1015.getLastSample() << endl;
+            upm_delay_us(1000);
         }
 
         // Clean-up and exit
         timer.join();
         f.close();
-        delete ads1015;
     } catch (ios_base::failure& e) {
         cout << "Failed to write to file: " << e.what() << endl;
         return 1;
@@ -101,4 +104,3 @@ int main()
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }
-

examples/c++/ads1x15-ads1115.cxx

@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@
  */
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
-#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "ads1115.hpp"
+#include "ads1x15.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
@@ -40,13 +42,15 @@ using namespace upm;
 bool running = true; // Controls main read/write loop
 
 // Thread function
-void stop()
+void
+stop()
 {
-    sleep(10);
+    upm_delay(10);
     running = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     long id = 0;                        // Sample number
@@ -57,21 +61,21 @@ int main()
     // There are two ADS1115 chips on the DFRobot Joule Shield on the same I2C bus
     //     - 0x48 gives access to pins A0 - A3
     //     - 0x49 gives access to pins A4 - A7
-    ADS1115 *ads1115 = new upm::ADS1115(0, 0x48);
+    ADS1115 ads1115(0, 0x48);
 
     // Put the ADC into differential mode for pins A0 and A1,
     // the SM-24 Geophone is connected to these pins
-    ads1115->getSample(ADS1X15::DIFF_0_1);
+    ads1115.getSample(ADS1X15::DIFF_0_1);
 
     // Set the gain based on expected VIN range to -/+ 2.048 V
     // Can be adjusted based on application to as low as -/+ 0.256 V, see API
     // documentation for details
-    ads1115->setGain(ADS1X15::GAIN_TWO);
+    ads1115.setGain(ADS1X15::GAIN_TWO);
 
     // Set the sample rate to 860 samples per second (max) and turn on continuous
     // sampling
-    ads1115->setSPS(ADS1115::SPS_860);
-    ads1115->setContinuous(true);
+    ads1115.setSPS(ADS1115::SPS_860);
+    ads1115.setContinuous(true);
 
     // Enable exceptions from the output stream
     f.exceptions(ofstream::failbit | ofstream::badbit);
@@ -88,14 +92,13 @@ int main()
 
         // Read sensor data and write it to the output file every ms
         while (running) {
-            f << id++ << " " << ads1115->getLastSample() << endl;
-            usleep(1000);
+            f << id++ << " " << ads1115.getLastSample() << endl;
+            upm_delay_us(1000);
         }
 
         // Clean-up and exit
         timer.join();
         f.close();
-        delete ads1115;
     } catch (ios_base::failure& e) {
         cout << "Failed to write to file: " << e.what() << endl;
         return 1;
@@ -104,4 +107,3 @@ int main()
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }
-

examples/c++/ads1x15.cxx

@@ -22,36 +22,32 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include "mraa.hpp"
-
 #include <iostream>
-#include <unistd.h>
+
 #include "ads1015.hpp"
 #include "ads1115.hpp"
+#include "ads1x15.hpp"
 
-
-
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
-
     using namespace std;
     using namespace upm;
     int command;
     //! [Interesting]
-     //Select the device you are testing here and adjust case 6 for the correct sample rates.
-     //upm::ADS1015 *ads = new upm::ADS1015(1);
-     upm::ADS1115 *ads = new upm::ADS1115(1, 0x49);
+    // Select the device you are testing here and adjust case 6 for the correct
+    // sample rates.
+    upm::ADS1115 ads(1, 0x49);
     float inputVoltage;
     int ans;
 
-     do
-     {
-
+    do {
         cout << endl;
         cout << "1 - get Conversion \t";
         cout << "2 - get last conversion" << endl;
         cout << "3 - get Gain \t\t";
-          cout << "4 - set Gain"  << endl;;
+        cout << "4 - set Gain" << endl;
+        ;
         cout << "5 - get Data Rate \t";
         cout << "6 - set Data Rate" << endl;
         cout << "7 - Set Upper Threshold \t";
@@ -73,17 +69,15 @@ int main()
         cout << "Enter a command: ";
         cin >> command;
 
-
-          switch(command)
-          {
+        switch (command) {
             case 2:
-               cout << ads->getLastSample() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getLastSample() << endl;
                 break;
             case 3:
-               cout << std::hex << ads->getGain() << endl;
+                cout << std::hex << ads.getGain() << endl;
                 break;
             case 5:
-               cout << std::hex << ads->getSPS() << endl;
+                cout << std::hex << ads.getSPS() << endl;
                 break;
             case 4:
                 int gain;
@@ -114,13 +108,14 @@ int main()
                     default:
                         set_gain = ADS1X15::GAIN_ONE;
                 }
-               ads->setGain(set_gain);
+                ads.setGain(set_gain);
                 break;
             case 6:
                 int rate;
                 /*ADS1015::ADSDATARATE set_rate;
           cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
-               cout << "1 -> SPS_120 \t 2 -> SPS_250 \t 3 -> SPS_490 \t 4 -> SPS_920" << endl;
+          cout << "1 -> SPS_120 \t 2 -> SPS_250 \t 3 -> SPS_490 \t 4 -> SPS_920" <<
+          endl;
           cout << "5 -> SPS_1600 \t 6 -> SPS_2400 \t 7 -> SPS_3300" << endl;
           cin >> rate;
           switch(rate){
@@ -182,14 +177,16 @@ int main()
                         set_rate = ADS1115::SPS_128;
                 }
 
-               ads->setSPS(set_rate);
+                ads.setSPS(set_rate);
                 break;
             case 1:
                 int mode;
                 ADS1X15::ADSMUXMODE set_mode;
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
                 cout << "1 -> MUX_0_1 \t 2 -> MUX_0_3 \t 3 -> MUX_1_3 \t 4 -> MUX_2_3" << endl;
-               cout << "5 -> SINGLE_0 \t 6 -> SINGLE_1 \t 7 -> SINGLE_2 \t 8 -> SINGLE_3" << endl;
+                cout << "5 -> SINGLE_0 \t 6 -> SINGLE_1 \t 7 -> SINGLE_2 \t 8 -> "
+                        "SINGLE_3"
+                     << endl;
                 cin >> mode;
                 switch (mode) {
                     case 1:
@@ -220,91 +217,101 @@ int main()
                         set_mode = ADS1X15::DIFF_0_1;
                         break;
                 }
-               cout << ads->getSample(set_mode) << endl;
+                cout << ads.getSample(set_mode) << endl;
                 break;
             case 7:
                 cout << " enter a float value: ";
                 cin >> inputVoltage;
-               ads->setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_HIGH, inputVoltage);
+                ads.setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_HIGH, inputVoltage);
                 break;
             case 8:
                 cout << " enter a float value: ";
                 cin >> inputVoltage;
-               ads->setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_LOW, inputVoltage);
+                ads.setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_LOW, inputVoltage);
                 break;
             case 9:
-               cout << "Upper " << ads->getThresh(ADS1X15::THRESH_HIGH) << endl;
-               cout << "Lower " << ads->getThresh(ADS1X15::THRESH_LOW) << endl;
+                cout << "Upper " << ads.getThresh(ADS1X15::THRESH_HIGH) << endl;
+                cout << "Lower " << ads.getThresh(ADS1X15::THRESH_LOW) << endl;
                 break;
             case 10:
-               ads->setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_DEFAULT);
+                ads.setThresh(ADS1115::THRESH_DEFAULT);
                 break;
             case 11:
-               ads->setThresh(ADS1015::CONVERSION_RDY);
+                ads.setThresh(ADS1015::CONVERSION_RDY);
                 break;
             case 12:
-               cout << ads->getCompQue() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getCompQue() << endl;
                 break;
             case 13:
                 int que;
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
-               cout << "1 -> CQUE_1CONV \t 2 -> CQUE_2CONV \t 3 -> CQUE_3CONV \t 4 -> CQUE_NONE" << endl;
+                cout << "1 -> CQUE_1CONV \t 2 -> CQUE_2CONV \t 3 -> CQUE_3CONV \t 4 -> "
+                        "CQUE_NONE"
+                     << endl;
                 cin >> que;
                 switch (que) {
                     case 1:
-                    ads->setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_1CONV);
+                        ads.setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_1CONV);
                         break;
                     case 2:
-                    ads->setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_2CONV);
+                        ads.setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_2CONV);
                         break;
                     case 3:
-                    ads->setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_4CONV);
+                        ads.setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_4CONV);
                         break;
                     case 4:
                     default:
-                    ads->setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_NONE);
+                        ads.setCompQue(ADS1X15::CQUE_NONE);
                         break;
                 }
                 break;
             case 14:
-               cout << ads->getCompPol() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getCompPol() << endl;
                 break;
             case 15:
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
                 cout << "1 -> active high \t 2 -> active low" << endl;
                 cin >> ans;
-               if(ans == 1) ads->setCompPol(true);
-                else ads->setCompPol(false);
+                if (ans == 1)
+                    ads.setCompPol(true);
+                else
+                    ads.setCompPol(false);
                 break;
             case 16:
-               cout << ads->getCompMode() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getCompMode() << endl;
                 break;
             case 17:
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
                 cout << "1 -> Window \t 2 -> Traditional (default)" << endl;
                 cin >> ans;
-               if(ans == 1) ads->setCompMode(true);
-                else ads->setCompMode();
+                if (ans == 1)
+                    ads.setCompMode(true);
+                else
+                    ads.setCompMode();
                 break;
             case 18:
-               cout << ads->getCompLatch() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getCompLatch() << endl;
                 break;
             case 19:
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
                 cout << "1 -> Latching  \t 2 -> Non-latching (default)" << endl;
                 cin >> ans;
-               if(ans == 1) ads->setCompLatch(true);
-                else ads->setCompLatch();
+                if (ans == 1)
+                    ads.setCompLatch(true);
+                else
+                    ads.setCompLatch();
                 break;
             case 20:
-               cout << ads->getContinuous() << endl;
+                cout << ads.getContinuous() << endl;
                 break;
             case 21:
                 cout << "select one of the following:" << endl;
                 cout << "1 -> Power Down (default)  \t 2 -> Continuous" << endl;
                 cin >> ans;
-               if(ans == 1) ads->setContinuous(true);
-                else ads->setContinuous();
+                if (ans == 1)
+                    ads.setContinuous(true);
+                else
+                    ads.setContinuous();
                 break;
             case -1:
                 break;
@@ -312,10 +319,8 @@ int main()
 
                 break;
         }
-
     } while (command != -1);
 
-     delete ads;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/adxl335.cxx

@@ -22,57 +22,58 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "adxl335.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an ADXL335 accelerometer on analog pins A0, A1, and A2
-  upm::ADXL335* accel = new upm::ADXL335(0, 1, 2);
+    upm::ADXL335 accel(0, 1, 2);
 
     cout << "Please make sure the sensor is completely still. Sleeping for"
          << " 2 seconds." << endl;
-  sleep(2);
+    upm_delay(2);
     cout << "Calibrating..." << endl;
 
-  accel->calibrate();
+    accel.calibrate();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         int x, y, z;
         float aX, aY, aZ;
 
-      accel->values(&x, &y, &z);
+        accel.values(&x, &y, &z);
         cout << "Raw Values: X: " << x << " Y: " << y << " Z: " << z << endl;
 
-      accel->acceleration(&aX, &aY, &aZ);
+        accel.acceleration(&aX, &aY, &aZ);
         cout << "Acceleration: X: " << aX << "g" << endl;
         cout << "Acceleration: Y: " << aY << "g" << endl;
         cout << "Acceleration: Z: " << aZ << "g" << endl;
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(200000);
+        upm_delay_us(200000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete accel;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/adxl345.cxx

@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "adxl345.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -33,18 +35,18 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     float* acc;
 
     // Note: Sensor only works at 3.3V on the Intel Edison with Arduino breakout
-    upm::Adxl345* accel = new upm::Adxl345(0);
+    upm::Adxl345 accel(0);
 
     while (true) {
-        accel->update(); // Update the data
-        raw = accel->getRawValues(); // Read raw sensor data
-        acc = accel->getAcceleration(); // Read acceleration (g)
-        fprintf(stdout, "Current scale: 0x%2xg\n", accel->getScale());
+        accel.update();                // Update the data
+        raw = accel.getRawValues();    // Read raw sensor data
+        acc = accel.getAcceleration(); // Read acceleration (g)
+        fprintf(stdout, "Current scale: 0x%2xg\n", accel.getScale());
         fprintf(stdout, "Raw: %6d %6d %6d\n", raw[0], raw[1], raw[2]);
         fprintf(stdout, "AccX: %5.2f g\n", acc[0]);
         fprintf(stdout, "AccY: %5.2f g\n", acc[1]);
         fprintf(stdout, "AccZ: %5.2f g\n", acc[2]);
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;

examples/c++/adxrs610.cxx

@@ -22,22 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "adxrs610.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -46,26 +49,24 @@ int main()
     // Instantiate a ADXRS610 sensor on analog pin A0 (dataout), and
     // analog A1 (temp out) with an analog reference voltage of
     // 5.0
-  upm::ADXRS610 *sensor = new upm::ADXRS610(0, 1, 5.0);
+    upm::ADXRS610 sensor(0, 1, 5.0);
 
     // set a deadband region around the zero point to report 0.0 (optional)
-  sensor->setDeadband(0.015);
+    sensor.setDeadband(0.015);
 
     // Every tenth of a second, sample the ADXRS610 and output it's
     // corresponding temperature and angular velocity
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "Vel (deg/s): " << sensor->getAngularVelocity() << endl;
-      cout << "Temp (C): " << sensor->getTemperature() << endl;
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "Vel (deg/s): " << sensor.getAngularVelocity() << endl;
+        cout << "Temp (C): " << sensor.getTemperature() << endl;
 
-      usleep(100000);
+        upm_delay_us(100000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/am2315.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,15 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "am2315.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 volatile int doWork = 0;
 
-upm::AM2315 *sensor = NULL;
-
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
 {
@@ -51,25 +50,21 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     float humidity = 0.0;
     float temperature = 0.0;
 
-    sensor = new upm::AM2315(0, AM2315_I2C_ADDRESS);
+    upm::AM2315 sensor(0, AM2315_I2C_ADDRESS);
 
-    sensor->testSensor();
+    sensor.testSensor();
 
     while (!doWork) {
-        humidity    = sensor->getHumidity();
-        temperature = sensor->getTemperature();
+        humidity = sensor.getHumidity();
+        temperature = sensor.getTemperature();
 
-        std::cout << "humidity value = " <<
-                    humidity <<
-                    ", temperature value = " <<
-                    temperature << std::endl;
-        usleep (500000);
+        std::cout << "humidity value = " << humidity << ", temperature value = " << temperature
+                  << std::endl;
+        upm_delay_us(500000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/apa102.cxx

@@ -23,9 +23,6 @@
  */
 
 #include "apa102.hpp"
-#include <iostream>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -34,18 +31,17 @@ main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a strip of 30 LEDs on SPI bus 0
-    upm::APA102* ledStrip = new upm::APA102(800, 0);
+    upm::APA102 ledStrip(800, 0);
 
     // Set all LEDs to Red
-    ledStrip->setAllLeds(31, 255, 0, 0);
+    ledStrip.setAllLeds(31, 255, 0, 0);
 
     // Set a section (10 to 20) to blue
-    ledStrip->setLeds(10, 20, 31, 0, 0, 255);
+    ledStrip.setLeds(10, 20, 31, 0, 0, 255);
 
     // Set a single LED to green
-    ledStrip->setLed(15, 31, 0, 255, 0);
+    ledStrip.setLed(15, 31, 0, 255, 0);
 
-    delete ledStrip;
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/apds9002.cxx

@@ -22,41 +22,41 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "apds9002.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Grove Luminance sensor on analog pin A0
-  upm::APDS9002* luminance = new upm::APDS9002(0);
+    upm::APDS9002 luminance(0);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      int val = luminance->value();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        int val = luminance.value();
         cout << "Luminance value is " << val << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete luminance;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/apds9930.cxx

@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "apds9930.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -44,31 +45,30 @@ main()
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Digital Proximity and Ambient Light sensor on iio device 4
-    upm::APDS9930* light_proximity = new upm::APDS9930(4);
+    upm::APDS9930 light_proximity(4);
 
-    // Kernel driver implement sleep 5000-5100us after enable illuminance sensor
-    light_proximity->enableIlluminance(true);
+    // Kernel driver implement upm_delay 5000-5100us after enable illuminance
+    // sensor
+    light_proximity.enableIlluminance(true);
 
-    // Kernel driver implement sleep 5000-5100us after enable proximity sensor
-    light_proximity->enableProximity(true);
+    // Kernel driver implement upm_delay 5000-5100us after enable proximity sensor
+    light_proximity.enableProximity(true);
 
     // Tested this value works. Please change it on your platform
-    usleep(120000);
+    upm_delay_us(120000);
 
     while (shouldRun) {
-        float lux = light_proximity->getAmbient();
+        float lux = light_proximity.getAmbient();
         cout << "Luminance value is " << lux << endl;
-        float proximity = light_proximity->getProximity();
+        float proximity = light_proximity.getProximity();
         cout << "Proximity value is " << proximity << endl;
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
-    light_proximity->enableProximity(false);
-    light_proximity->enableIlluminance(false);
+    light_proximity.enableProximity(false);
+    light_proximity.enableIlluminance(false);
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-    delete light_proximity;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/at42qt1070.cxx

@@ -22,31 +22,32 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <signal.h>
+
 #include "at42qt1070.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-void printButtons(upm::AT42QT1070 *touch)
+void
+printButtons(upm::AT42QT1070& touch)
 {
     bool buttonPressed = false;
-  uint8_t buttons = touch->getButtons();
+    uint8_t buttons = touch.getButtons();
 
     cout << "Buttons Pressed: ";
-  for (int i=0; i<7; i++)
-    {
-      if (buttons & (1 << i))
-        {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+        if (buttons & (1 << i)) {
             cout << i << " ";
             buttonPressed = true;
         }
@@ -57,34 +58,32 @@ void printButtons(upm::AT42QT1070 *touch)
 
     cout << endl;
 
-  if (touch->isCalibrating())
+    if (touch.isCalibrating())
         cout << "Calibration is occurring." << endl;
 
-  if (touch->isOverflowed())
+    if (touch.isOverflowed())
         cout << "Overflow was detected." << endl;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an AT42QT1070 on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::AT42QT1070 *touch = new upm::AT42QT1070(AT42QT1070_I2C_BUS, 
-                                               AT42QT1070_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::AT42QT1070 touch(AT42QT1070_I2C_BUS, AT42QT1070_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      touch->updateState();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        touch.updateState();
         printButtons(touch);
-      usleep(100000);
+        upm_delay_us(100000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete touch;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bh1750.cxx

@@ -22,22 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bh1750.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -46,20 +49,18 @@ int main()
     // Instantiate a BH1750 sensor using defaults (I2C bus (0), using
     // the default I2C address (0x23), and setting the mode to highest
     // resolution, lowest power mode).
-  upm::BH1750 *sensor = new upm::BH1750();
+    upm::BH1750 sensor;
 
     // Every second, sample the BH1750 and output the measured lux value
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "Detected Light Level (lux): " << sensor->getLux() << endl;
-      sleep(1);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "Detected Light Level (lux): " << sensor.getLux() << endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/biss0001.cxx

@@ -22,33 +22,34 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "biss0001.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Grove Motion sensor on GPIO pin D2
-  upm::BISS0001* motion = new upm::BISS0001(2);
+    upm::BISS0001 motion(2);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-      bool val = motion->value();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        bool val = motion.value();
 
         if (val)
             cout << "Detecting moving object";
@@ -57,12 +58,11 @@ int main ()
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete motion;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bma220.cxx

@@ -22,49 +22,48 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bma220.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate an BMA220 using default parameters (bus 0, addr 0x0a)
-  upm::BMA220 *sensor = new upm::BMA220();
+    upm::BMA220 sensor;
 
     // Output data every half second until interrupted
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      sensor->update();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        sensor.update();
 
         float x, y, z;
 
-      sensor->getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
+        sensor.getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
         cout << "Accelerometer: ";
         cout << "AX: " << x << " AY: " << y << " AZ: " << z << endl;
 
-      usleep(500000);
+        upm_delay_us(500000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-  
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bma250e.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bma250e.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -50,27 +52,21 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // for CS: BMA250E(0, -1, 10);
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " g"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " g" << endl;
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature
-      cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature()
-           << " C / " << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature() << " C / "
+             << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bmg160.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmg160.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -50,27 +52,21 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // for CS: BMG160(0, -1, 10);
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getGyroscope(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " degrees/s"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " degrees/s" << endl;
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature
-      cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature()
-           << " C / " << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature() << " C / "
+             << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bmi160.cxx

@@ -22,61 +22,57 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmi160.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a BMI160 instance using default i2c bus and address
-  upm::BMI160 *sensor = new upm::BMI160();
+    upm::BMI160 sensor;
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // update our values from the sensor
-      sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
         float dataX, dataY, dataZ;
 
-      sensor->getAccelerometer(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
+        sensor.getAccelerometer(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
         cout << "Accelerometer: ";
-      cout << "AX: " << dataX << " AY: " << dataY << " AZ: "
-           << dataZ << endl;
+        cout << "AX: " << dataX << " AY: " << dataY << " AZ: " << dataZ << endl;
 
-      sensor->getGyroscope(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
+        sensor.getGyroscope(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
         cout << "Gryoscope:     ";
-      cout << "GX: " << dataX << " GY: " << dataY << " GZ: "
-           << dataZ << endl;
+        cout << "GX: " << dataX << " GY: " << dataY << " GZ: " << dataZ << endl;
 
-      sensor->getMagnetometer(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
+        sensor.getMagnetometer(&dataX, &dataY, &dataZ);
         cout << "Magnetometer:  ";
-      cout << "MX: " << dataX << " MY: " << dataY << " MZ: "
-           << dataZ << endl;
+        cout << "MX: " << dataX << " MY: " << dataY << " MZ: " << dataZ << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(500000);
+        upm_delay_us(500000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bmm150.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmm150.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -50,22 +52,17 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // for CS: BMM150(0, -1, 10);
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getMagnetometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " uT"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " uT" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bmp280-bme280.cxx

@@ -22,57 +22,54 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "bme280.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a BME280 instance using default i2c bus and address
-  upm::BME280 *sensor = new upm::BME280();
+    upm::BME280 sensor;
 
     // For SPI, bus 0, you would pass -1 as the address, and a valid pin for CS:
     // BME280(0, -1, 10);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // update our values from the sensor
-      sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature
-      cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor->getTemperature()
-           << " C / " << sensor->getTemperature(true) << " F"
-           << endl;
-      cout << "Pressure: " << sensor->getPressure() << " Pa" << endl;
-      cout << "Computed Altitude: " << sensor->getAltitude() << " m" << endl;
-      cout << "Humidity: " << sensor->getHumidity() << " %RH" << endl;
+        cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature() << " C / "
+             << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F" << endl;
+        cout << "Pressure: " << sensor.getPressure() << " Pa" << endl;
+        cout << "Computed Altitude: " << sensor.getAltitude() << " m" << endl;
+        cout << "Humidity: " << sensor.getHumidity() << " %RH" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bmp280.cxx

@@ -24,56 +24,53 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "bmp280.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a BMP280 instance using default i2c bus and address
-  upm::BMP280 *sensor = new upm::BMP280();
+    upm::BMP280 sensor;
 
     // For SPI, bus 0, you would pass -1 as the address, and a valid pin for CS:
     // BMP280(0, -1, 10);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // update our values from the sensor
-      sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature
-      cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor->getTemperature()
-           << " C / " << sensor->getTemperature(true) << " F"
-           << endl;
-      cout << "Pressure: " << sensor->getPressure() << " Pa" << endl;
-      cout << "Computed Altitude: " << sensor->getAltitude() << " m" << endl;
+        cout << "Compensation Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature() << " C / "
+             << sensor.getTemperature(true) << " F" << endl;
+        cout << "Pressure: " << sensor.getPressure() << " Pa" << endl;
+        cout << "Computed Altitude: " << sensor.getAltitude() << " m" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/bmpx8x.cxx

@@ -27,23 +27,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "bmpx8x.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -53,22 +55,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     // Print the pressure, altitude, sea level, and
     // temperature values every 0.5 seconds
-    while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         sensor.update();
 
-        cout << "Pressure: "
-             << sensor.getPressure()
-             << " Pa, Temperature: "
-             << sensor.getTemperature()
-             << " C, Altitude: "
-             << sensor.getAltitude()
-             << " m, Sea level: "
-             << sensor.getSealevelPressure()
-             << " Pa"
-             << endl;
+        cout << "Pressure: " << sensor.getPressure()
+             << " Pa, Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature()
+             << " C, Altitude: " << sensor.getAltitude()
+             << " m, Sea level: " << sensor.getSealevelPressure() << " Pa" << endl;
 
-        usleep(500000);
+        upm_delay_us(500000);
     }
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;

examples/c++/bmx055-bmc150.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmc150.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -47,29 +49,20 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     upm::BMC150 sensor;
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " g"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " g" << endl;
 
         sensor.getMagnetometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " uT"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " uT" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bmx055-bmi055.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmi055.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -47,29 +49,20 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     upm::BMI055 sensor;
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " g"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " g" << endl;
 
         sensor.getGyroscope(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " degrees/s"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " degrees/s" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bmx055.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bmx055.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -47,36 +49,23 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     upm::BMX055 sensor;
 
     // now output data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float x, y, z;
 
         sensor.update();
 
         sensor.getAccelerometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " g"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Accelerometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " g" << endl;
 
         sensor.getGyroscope(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " degrees/s"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Gyroscope x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " degrees/s" << endl;
 
         sensor.getMagnetometer(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x
-           << " y: " << y
-           << " z: " << z
-           << " uT"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Magnetometer x: " << x << " y: " << y << " z: " << z << " uT" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/bno055.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "bno055.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
     //! [Interesting]
@@ -46,34 +48,25 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // Instantiate an BNO055 using default parameters (bus 0, addr
     // 0x28).  The default running mode is NDOF absolute orientation
     // mode.
-  upm::BNO055 *sensor = new upm::BNO055();
+    upm::BNO055 sensor;
 
     // First we need to calibrate....
-  cout << "First we need to calibrate.  4 numbers will be output every"
-       << endl;
-  cout << "second for each sensor.  0 means uncalibrated, and 3 means"
-       << endl;
-  cout << "fully calibrated."
-       << endl;
-  cout << "See the UPM documentation on this sensor for instructions on"
-       << endl;
-  cout << "what actions are required to calibrate."
-       << endl;
+    cout << "First we need to calibrate.  4 numbers will be output every" << endl;
+    cout << "second for each sensor.  0 means uncalibrated, and 3 means" << endl;
+    cout << "fully calibrated." << endl;
+    cout << "See the UPM documentation on this sensor for instructions on" << endl;
+    cout << "what actions are required to calibrate." << endl;
     cout << endl;
 
     // do the calibration...
-  while (shouldRun && !sensor->isFullyCalibrated())
-    {
+    while (shouldRun && !sensor.isFullyCalibrated()) {
         int mag, acc, gyr, sys;
-      sensor->getCalibrationStatus(&mag, &acc, &gyr, &sys);
+        sensor.getCalibrationStatus(&mag, &acc, &gyr, &sys);
 
-      cout << "Magnetometer: " << mag
-           << " Accelerometer: " << acc
-           << " Gyroscope: " << gyr
-           << " System: " << sys
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Magnetometer: " << mag << " Accelerometer: " << acc << " Gyroscope: " << gyr
+             << " System: " << sys << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     cout << endl;
@@ -81,49 +74,30 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     cout << endl;
 
     // now output various fusion data every 250 milliseconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         float w, x, y, z;
 
-      sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
-      sensor->getEulerAngles(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Euler: Heading: " << x
-           << " Roll: " << y
-           << " Pitch: " << z
-           << " degrees"
-           << endl;
+        sensor.getEulerAngles(&x, &y, &z);
+        cout << "Euler: Heading: " << x << " Roll: " << y << " Pitch: " << z << " degrees" << endl;
 
-      sensor->getQuaternions(&w, &x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Quaternion: W: " << w
-           << " X: " << x
-           << " Y: " << y
-           << " Z: " << z
-           << endl;
+        sensor.getQuaternions(&w, &x, &y, &z);
+        cout << "Quaternion: W: " << w << " X: " << x << " Y: " << y << " Z: " << z << endl;
 
-      sensor->getLinearAcceleration(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Linear Acceleration: X: " << x
-           << " Y: " << y
-           << " Z: " << z
-           << " m/s^2"
-           << endl;
+        sensor.getLinearAcceleration(&x, &y, &z);
+        cout << "Linear Acceleration: X: " << x << " Y: " << y << " Z: " << z << " m/s^2" << endl;
 
-      sensor->getGravityVectors(&x, &y, &z);
-      cout << "Gravity Vector: X: " << x
-           << " Y: " << y
-           << " Z: " << z
-           << " m/s^2"
-           << endl;
+        sensor.getGravityVectors(&x, &y, &z);
+        cout << "Gravity Vector: X: " << x << " Y: " << y << " Z: " << z << " m/s^2" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
-      usleep(250000);
+        upm_delay_us(250000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/button.cxx

@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "button.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -33,16 +34,15 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Create the button object using GPIO pin 0
-    upm::Button* button = new upm::Button(0);
+    upm::Button button(0);
 
     // Read the input and print, waiting one second between readings
     while (1) {
-        std::cout << button->name() << " value is " << button->value() << std::endl;
-        sleep(1);
+        std::cout << button.name() << " value is " << button.value() << std::endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the button object
-    delete button;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/buzzer.cxx

@@ -22,37 +22,32 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <signal.h>
+
 #include "buzzer.hpp"
+#include "buzzer_tones.h"
 #include "upm_utilities.h"
 
-
 int
-main(int argc, char **argv) {
+main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
     //! [Interesting]
-    int chord[] = { BUZZER_DO, BUZZER_RE, BUZZER_MI,
-                    BUZZER_FA, BUZZER_SOL, BUZZER_LA,
-                    BUZZER_SI };
+    int chord[] = { BUZZER_DO, BUZZER_RE, BUZZER_MI, BUZZER_FA, BUZZER_SOL, BUZZER_LA, BUZZER_SI };
 
     // create Buzzer instance
-    upm::Buzzer* sound = new upm::Buzzer(5);
+    upm::Buzzer sound(5);
     // print sensor name
-    std::cout << sound->name() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << sound.name() << std::endl;
 
     // play each sound (DO, RE, MI, etc...) for .5 seconds, pausing
     // for 0.1 seconds between notes
-    for (int chord_ind = 0; chord_ind < 7; chord_ind++)
-    {
-        std::cout << sound->playSound(chord[chord_ind], 500000) << std::endl;
+    for (int chord_ind = 0; chord_ind < 7; chord_ind++) {
+        std::cout << sound.playSound(chord[chord_ind], 500000) << std::endl;
         upm_delay_ms(100);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sound;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/cjq4435.cxx

@@ -22,56 +22,54 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "cjq4435.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a CJQ4435 MOSFET on a PWM capable digital pin D3
-    upm::CJQ4435* mosfet = new upm::CJQ4435(3);
+    upm::CJQ4435 mosfet(3);
 
-    mosfet->setPeriodMS(10);
-    mosfet->enable(true);
+    mosfet.setPeriodMS(10);
+    mosfet.enable(true);
 
-    while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // start with a duty cycle of 0.0 (off) and increment to 1.0 (on)
-        for (float i=0.0; i <= 1.0; i+=0.1)
-        {
-            mosfet->setDutyCycle(i);
-            usleep(100000);
+        for (float i = 0.0; i <= 1.0; i += 0.1) {
+            mosfet.setDutyCycle(i);
+            upm_delay_us(100000);
         }
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
         // Now take it back down
         // start with a duty cycle of 1.0 (on) and decrement to 0.0 (off)
-        for (float i=1.0; i >= 0.0; i-=0.1)
-        {
-            mosfet->setDutyCycle(i);
-            usleep(100000);
+        for (float i = 1.0; i >= 0.0; i -= 0.1) {
+            mosfet.setDutyCycle(i);
+            upm_delay_us(100000);
         }
-        sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-    delete mosfet;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/collision.cxx

@@ -22,40 +22,38 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "collision.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the Collision Sensor
     // Instantiate a Collision on digital pin D2
-  upm::Collision* collision = new upm::Collision(2);
+    upm::Collision collision(2);
 
     bool collisionState = false;
     cout << "No collision" << endl;
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-	if (collision->isColliding() && !collisionState)
-	{
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        if (collision.isColliding() && !collisionState) {
             cout << "Collision!" << endl;
             collisionState = true;
-	}
-	else if (collisionState)
-	{
+        } else if (collisionState) {
             cout << "No collision" << endl;
             collisionState = false;
         }
@@ -64,6 +62,5 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete collision;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/curieimu.cxx

@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <iostream>
 #include "curieimu.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 #include "mraa.h"
 #include "mraa/firmata.h"
+#include <iostream>
 #include <math.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -38,44 +39,35 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     mraa_init();
     mraa_add_subplatform(MRAA_GENERIC_FIRMATA, "/dev/ttyACM0");
 
-    upm::CurieImu* sensor = new upm::CurieImu();
+    upm::CurieImu sensor;
 
-    std::cout << "temperature is: " << (sensor->getTemperature() * pow(0.5, 9) + 23) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "temperature is: " << (sensor.getTemperature() * pow(0.5, 9) + 23) << std::endl;
 
-    sensor->updateAccel();
-    int x = sensor->getAccelX(),
-        y = sensor->getAccelY(),
-        z = sensor->getAccelZ();
+    sensor.updateAccel();
+    int x = sensor.getAccelX(), y = sensor.getAccelY(), z = sensor.getAccelZ();
     printf("accelerometer is: %d, %d, %d\n", x, y, z);
 
-    sensor->updateGyro();
-    int a = sensor->getGyroX(),
-        b = sensor->getGyroY(),
-        c = sensor->getGyroZ();
+    sensor.updateGyro();
+    int a = sensor.getGyroX(), b = sensor.getGyroY(), c = sensor.getGyroZ();
     printf("gyroscope is: %d, %d, %d\n", a, b, c);
 
     int axis, direction;
-    sensor->enableShockDetection(true);
+    sensor.enableShockDetection(true);
     for (int i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
-      if (sensor->isShockDetected()) {
-        sensor->getNextShock();
-        axis = sensor->getAxis();
-        direction = sensor->getDirection();
+        if (sensor.isShockDetected()) {
+            sensor.getNextShock();
+            axis = sensor.getAxis();
+            direction = sensor.getDirection();
             printf("shock data is: %d, %d\n", axis, direction);
         }
-      usleep(10000);
+        upm_delay_us(10000);
     }
 
-    sensor->updateMotion();
-    int m = sensor->getAccelX(),
-        n = sensor->getAccelY(),
-        o = sensor->getAccelZ(),
-        p = sensor->getGyroX(),
-        q = sensor->getGyroY(),
-        r = sensor->getGyroZ();
+    sensor.updateMotion();
+    int m = sensor.getAccelX(), n = sensor.getAccelY(), o = sensor.getAccelZ(),
+        p = sensor.getGyroX(), q = sensor.getGyroY(), r = sensor.getGyroZ();
     printf("motion is: %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d\n", m, n, o, p, q, r);
 
-    delete sensor;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/cwlsxxa.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "cwlsxxa.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -48,34 +50,28 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     // Instantiate an CWLSXXA instance, using A0 for CO2, A1 for
     // humidity and A2 for temperature
-  upm::CWLSXXA *sensor = new upm::CWLSXXA(0, 1, 2);
+    upm::CWLSXXA sensor(0, 1, 2);
 
     // update and print available values every second
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // update our values from the sensor
-      sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature
-      cout << "Temperature: " << sensor->getTemperature()
-           << " C / " << sensor->getTemperature(true) << " F"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature() << " C / " << sensor.getTemperature(true)
+             << " F" << endl;
 
-      cout << "Humidity: " << sensor->getHumidity()
-           << " %" << endl;
+        cout << "Humidity: " << sensor.getHumidity() << " %" << endl;
 
-      cout << "CO2: " << sensor->getCO2()
-           << " ppm" << endl;
+        cout << "CO2: " << sensor.getCO2() << " ppm" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/dfrec.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "dfrec.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -48,34 +50,25 @@ int main()
     // temperature sensor connected to UART 0, and a device index (for
     // the ds1820b uart bus) of 0, and an analog reference voltage of
     // 5.0.
-  upm::DFREC *sensor = new upm::DFREC(0, 0, 0, 5.0);
+    upm::DFREC sensor(0, 0, 0, 5.0);
 
     // Every 2 seconds, update and print values
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      sensor->update();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        sensor.update();
 
-      cout << "EC = "
-           << sensor->getEC()
-           << " ms/cm"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "EC = " << sensor.getEC() << " ms/cm" << endl;
 
-      cout << "Volts = "
-           << sensor->getVolts()
-           << ", Temperature = "
-           << sensor->getTemperature()
-           << " C"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Volts = " << sensor.getVolts() << ", Temperature = " << sensor.getTemperature()
+             << " C" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(2);
+        upm_delay(2);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/dfrorp.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "dfrorp.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ int main()
 
     // Instantiate a DFRobot ORP sensor on analog pin A0 with an analog
     // reference voltage of 5.0.
-  upm::DFRORP *sensor = new upm::DFRORP(0, 5.0);
+    upm::DFRORP sensor(0, 5.0);
 
     // To calibrate:
     //
@@ -61,27 +63,22 @@ int main()
     //
     // DO NOT press the calibrate button on the interface board while
     // the probe is attached or you can permanently damage the probe.
-  sensor->setCalibrationOffset(0.97);
+    sensor.setCalibrationOffset(0.97);
 
     // Every second, update and print values
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      sensor->update();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        sensor.update();
 
-      cout << "ORP: "
-           << sensor->getORP()
-           << " mV"
-           << endl;
+        cout << "ORP: " << sensor.getORP() << " mV" << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/dfrph.cxx

@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "dfrph.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -33,13 +34,15 @@ bool shouldRun = true;
 
 #define DFRPH_AREF 5.0
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -47,30 +50,27 @@ int main()
 
     // Instantiate a DFRPH sensor on analog pin A0, with an analog
     // reference voltage of DFRPH_AREF
-  upm::DFRPH *sensor = new upm::DFRPH(0, DFRPH_AREF);
-  
+    upm::DFRPH sensor(0, DFRPH_AREF);
 
     // After calibration, set the offset (based on calibration with a pH
     // 7.0 buffer solution).  See the UPM sensor documentation for
     // calibrations instructions.
-  sensor->setOffset(0.065);
+    sensor.setOffset(0.065);
 
     // Every second, sample the pH and output it's corresponding
     // analog voltage.
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "Detected volts: " << sensor->volts() << endl;
-      cout << "pH value: " << sensor->pH() << endl;
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "Detected volts: " << sensor.volts() << endl;
+        cout << "pH value: " << sensor.pH() << endl;
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/ds1307.cxx

@@ -22,25 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "ds1307.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-void printTime(upm::DS1307 *rtc)
+void
+printTime(upm::DS1307& rtc)
 {
-  cout << "The time is: " << 
-    rtc->month << "/" << rtc->dayOfMonth << "/" << rtc->year << " " 
-       << rtc->hours << ":" << rtc->minutes << ":" << rtc->seconds;
+    cout << "The time is: " << rtc.month << "/" << rtc.dayOfMonth << "/" << rtc.year << " "
+         << rtc.hours << ":" << rtc.minutes << ":" << rtc.seconds;
 
-  if (rtc->amPmMode)
-    cout << ((rtc->pm) ? " PM " : " AM ");
+    if (rtc.amPmMode)
+        cout << ((rtc.pm) ? " PM " : " AM ");
 
     cout << endl;
 
-  cout << "Clock is in " << ((rtc->amPmMode) ? "AM/PM mode" : "24hr mode")
-       << endl;
+    cout << "Clock is in " << ((rtc.amPmMode) ? "AM/PM mode" : "24hr mode") << endl;
 }
 
 int
@@ -48,13 +48,12 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a DS1037 on I2C bus 0
-  upm::DS1307 *rtc = new upm::DS1307(0);
+    upm::DS1307 rtc(0);
 
     // always do this first
     cout << "Loading the current time... " << endl;
-  if (!rtc->loadTime())
-    {
-      cerr << "rtc->loadTime() failed." << endl;
+    if (!rtc.loadTime()) {
+        cerr << "rtc.loadTime() failed." << endl;
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -62,16 +61,15 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     // set the year as an example
     cout << "setting the year to 50" << endl;
-  rtc->year = 50;
+    rtc.year = 50;
 
-  rtc->setTime();
+    rtc.setTime();
 
     // reload the time and print it
-  rtc->loadTime();
+    rtc.loadTime();
     printTime(rtc);
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  delete rtc;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/ds1808lc.cxx

@@ -1,43 +1,41 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string>
+
 #include "ds1808lc.hpp"
 
 #define EDISON_I2C_BUS 1   // Edison I2C-1
 #define DS1808_GPIO_PWR 15 // Edison GP165
 
-void printState(upm::ILightController &lightController)
-{
-    if (lightController.isPowered())
-    {
-        std::cout << "Light is powered, brightness = " << lightController.getBrightness() << std::endl;
-    }
-    else
+void
+printState(upm::ILightController& lightController)
 {
+    if (lightController.isPowered()) {
+        std::cout << "Light is powered, brightness = " << lightController.getBrightness()
+                  << std::endl;
+    } else {
         std::cout << "Light is not powered." << std::endl;
     }
 }
 
-int main( int argc, char **argv )
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     upm::DS1808LC lightController(DS1808_GPIO_PWR, EDISON_I2C_BUS);
-    std::cout <<  "Existing state: "; printState(lightController);
-    if (argc == 2)
-    {
+    std::cout << "Existing state: ";
+    printState(lightController);
+    if (argc == 2) {
         std::string arg = argv[1];
         int brightness = ::atoi(argv[1]);
-        if (brightness > 0)
-        {
+        if (brightness > 0) {
             lightController.setPowerOn();
             lightController.setBrightness(brightness);
-        }
-        else
+        } else
             lightController.setPowerOff();
     }
-    std::cout <<  "Now: ";printState(lightController);
+    std::cout << "Now: ";
+    printState(lightController);
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/ds18b20.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #include "ds18b20.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -57,25 +59,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         return 1;
 
     // update and print available values every 2 seconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // update our values for all of the detected sensors
         sensor.update(-1);
 
         // we show both C and F for temperature for the sensors
         int i;
-      for (i=0; i<sensor.devicesFound(); i++)
-      {
-          cout << "Device "
-               << i
-               << ": Temperature: "
-               << sensor.getTemperature(i)
-               << " C / " << sensor.getTemperature(i, true) << " F"
-               << endl;
+        for (i = 0; i < sensor.devicesFound(); i++) {
+            cout << "Device " << i << ": Temperature: " << sensor.getTemperature(i) << " C / "
+                 << sensor.getTemperature(i, true) << " F" << endl;
         }
         cout << endl;
 
-      sleep(2);
+        upm_delay(2);
     }
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;

examples/c++/ds2413.cxx

@@ -22,38 +22,37 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "ds2413.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a DS2413 Module on a Dallas 1-wire bus connected to UART 0
-  upm::DS2413* sensor = new upm::DS2413(0);
+    upm::DS2413 sensor(0);
 
     // find all of the DS2413 devices present on the bus
-  sensor->init();
+    sensor.init();
 
     // how many devices were found?
-  cout << "Found "<< sensor->devicesFound() << " device(s)" << endl;
+    cout << "Found " << sensor.devicesFound() << " device(s)" << endl;
 
     // read the gpio and latch values from the first device
     // the lower 4 bits are of the form:
     // <gpioB latch> <gpioB value> <gpioA latch> <gpioA value>
-  cout << "GPIO device 0 values: " << sensor->readGpios(0) << endl;
+    cout << "GPIO device 0 values: " << sensor.readGpios(0) << endl;
 
     // set the gpio latch values of the first device
     cout << "Setting GPIO latches to on" << endl;
-  sensor->writeGpios(0, 0x03);
+    sensor.writeGpios(0, 0x03);
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/e50hx.cxx

@@ -22,24 +22,27 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "e50hx.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -62,50 +65,40 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // as it's unique Device Object Instance ID.  NOTE: You will
     // certainly want to change this to the correct value for your
     // device(s).
-  E50HX *sensor = new E50HX(1075425);
+    E50HX sensor(1075425);
 
     // Initialize our BACnet master, if it has not already been
     // initialized, with the device and baudrate, choosing 1000001 as
     // our unique Device Object Instance ID, 2 as our MAC address and
     // using default values for maxMaster and maxInfoFrames
-  sensor->initMaster(defaultDev, 38400, 1000001, 2);
+    sensor.initMaster(defaultDev, 38400, 1000001, 2);
 
     // Uncomment to enable debugging output
-  // sensor->setDebug(true);
+    // sensor.setDebug(true);
 
     cout << endl;
-  cout << "Device Description: " << sensor->getDeviceDescription() << endl;
-  cout << "Device Location: " << sensor->getDeviceLocation() << endl;
+    cout << "Device Description: " << sensor.getDeviceDescription() << endl;
+    cout << "Device Location: " << sensor.getDeviceLocation() << endl;
     cout << endl;
 
     // update and print a few values every 5 seconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "System Voltage: "
-           << sensor->getAnalogValue(E50HX::AV_System_Voltage)
-           << " " << sensor->getAnalogValueUnits(E50HX::AV_System_Voltage)
-           << endl;
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "System Voltage: " << sensor.getAnalogValue(E50HX::AV_System_Voltage) << " "
+             << sensor.getAnalogValueUnits(E50HX::AV_System_Voltage) << endl;
 
-      cout << "System Type: "
-           << sensor->getAnalogValue(E50HX::AV_System_Type)
-           << endl;
+        cout << "System Type: " << sensor.getAnalogValue(E50HX::AV_System_Type) << endl;
 
-      cout << "Energy Consumption: " << sensor->getAnalogInput(E50HX::AI_Energy)
-           << " " << sensor->getAnalogInputUnits(E50HX::AI_Energy)
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Energy Consumption: " << sensor.getAnalogInput(E50HX::AI_Energy) << " "
+             << sensor.getAnalogInputUnits(E50HX::AI_Energy) << endl;
 
-      cout << "Power Up Counter: "
-           << sensor->getAnalogInput(E50HX::AI_Power_Up_Count)
-           << endl;
+        cout << "Power Up Counter: " << sensor.getAnalogInput(E50HX::AI_Power_Up_Count) << endl;
 
         cout << endl;
-      sleep(5);
+        upm_delay(5);
     }
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/ecezo.cxx

@@ -22,51 +22,44 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-
-#include <upm_utilities.h>
 #include <ecezo.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <upm_utilities.h>
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a ECEZO sensor on uart 0 at 9600 baud.
-    upm::ECEZO *sensor = new upm::ECEZO(0, 9600, false);
+    upm::ECEZO sensor(0, 9600, false);
 
     // For I2C, assuming the device is configured for address 0x64 on
     // I2C bus 0, you could use something like:
     //
-    // upm::ECEZO *sensor = new upm::ECEZO(0, 0x64, true);
+    // upm::ECEZO sensor(0, 0x64, true);
 
-    while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // this will take about 1 second to complete
-        sensor->update();
+        sensor.update();
 
-        cout << "EC "
-             << sensor->getEC()
-             << " uS/cm, TDS "
-             << sensor->getTDS()
-             << " mg/L, Salinity "
-             << sensor->getSalinity()
-             << " PSS-78, SG "
-             << sensor->getSG()
-             << endl;
+        cout << "EC " << sensor.getEC() << " uS/cm, TDS " << sensor.getTDS() << " mg/L, Salinity "
+             << sensor.getSalinity() << " PSS-78, SG " << sensor.getSG() << endl;
 
         upm_delay(5);
     }
@@ -75,7 +68,5 @@ int main()
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/ecs1030.cxx

@@ -22,14 +22,13 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "ecs1030.hpp"
 
 int is_running = 0;
-upm::ECS1030 *sensor = NULL;
 
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
@@ -44,18 +43,18 @@ sig_handler(int signo)
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
-    sensor = new upm::ECS1030(0);
+    upm::ECS1030 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     while (!is_running) {
-        std::cout << "I = " << sensor->getCurrency_A () << ", Power = " << sensor->getPower_A () << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "I = " << sensor->getCurrency_B () << ", Power = " << sensor->getPower_B () << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "I = " << sensor.getCurrency_A() << ", Power = " << sensor.getPower_A()
+                  << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "I = " << sensor.getCurrency_B() << ", Power = " << sensor.getPower_B()
+                  << std::endl;
     }
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/ehr.cxx

@@ -22,57 +22,57 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "ehr.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a  Ear-clip Heart Rate sensor on digital pin D2
-  upm::EHR* heart = new upm::EHR(2);
+    upm::EHR heart(2);
 
     // set the beat counter to 0, init the clock and start counting beats
-  heart->clearBeatCounter();
-  heart->initClock();
-  heart->startBeatCounter();
+    heart.clearBeatCounter();
+    heart.initClock();
+    heart.startBeatCounter();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // we grab these just for display purposes in this example
-      uint32_t millis = heart->getMillis();
-      uint32_t beats = heart->beatCounter();
+        uint32_t millis = heart.getMillis();
+        uint32_t beats = heart.beatCounter();
 
         // heartRate() requires that at least 5 seconds pass before
         // returning anything other than 0
-      int hr = heart->heartRate();
+        int hr = heart.heartRate();
 
         // output milliseconds passed, beat count, and computed heart rate
         cout << "Millis: " << millis << " Beats: " << beats;
         cout << " Heart Rate: " << hr << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
-  heart->stopBeatCounter();
+    heart.stopBeatCounter();
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete heart;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/eldriver.cxx

@@ -22,45 +22,46 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "eldriver.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  // The was tested with the  El Driver Module
-  // Instantiate a  El Driver on digital pin D2
-  upm::ElDriver* eldriver = new upm::ElDriver(2);
+    // This was tested with the El Driver Module
+    // Instantiate an El Driver on digital pin D2
+    upm::ElDriver eldriver(2);
 
     bool lightState = true;
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         if (lightState)
-		eldriver->on();
+            eldriver.on();
         else
-		eldriver->off();
+            eldriver.off();
         lightState = !lightState;
-	sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  eldriver->off();
+    eldriver.off();
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete eldriver;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/electromagnet.cxx

@@ -22,58 +22,60 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
 #include "electromagnet.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-float get_time()
+float
+get_time()
 {
     return ((float) (clock())) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the  Electromagnetic Module
     // Instantiate a  Electromagnet on digital pin D2
-  upm::Electromagnet* magnet = new upm::Electromagnet(2);
+    upm::Electromagnet magnet(2);
     cout << "Starting up magnet...." << endl;
-  magnet->off();
+    magnet.off();
 
     bool magnetState = false;
     float time_passed = get_time();
 
     // Turn magnet on and off every 5 seconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-	if ((get_time() - time_passed) > 5.0)
-	{
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        if ((get_time() - time_passed) > 5.0) {
             magnetState = !magnetState;
             if (magnetState)
-			magnet->on();
+                magnet.on();
             else
-			magnet->off();
+                magnet.off();
             cout << "Turning magnet " << ((magnetState) ? "on" : "off") << endl;
             time_passed = get_time();
         }
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  magnet->off();
+    magnet.off();
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete magnet;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/emg.cxx

@@ -21,40 +21,41 @@
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "emg.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the EMG Muscle Signal Reader Sensor Module
     // Instantiate a EMG on analog pin A0
-  upm::EMG *emg = new upm::EMG(0);
+    upm::EMG emg(0);
     cout << "Calibrating...." << endl;
-  emg->calibrate();
+    emg.calibrate();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-    cout << emg->value() << endl;
-    usleep(100000);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << emg.value() << endl;
+        upm_delay_us(100000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
-  delete emg;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/enc03r.cxx

@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "enc03r.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -34,47 +35,43 @@ bool shouldRun = true;
 // analog voltage, usually 3.3 or 5.0
 #define CALIBRATION_SAMPLES 1000
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a ENC03R on analog pin A0
-    upm::ENC03R *gyro = new upm::ENC03R(0);
+    upm::ENC03R gyro(0);
 
     // The first thing we need to do is calibrate the sensor.
     cout << "Please place the sensor in a stable location, and do not" << endl;
     cout << "move it while calibration takes place." << endl;
     cout << "This may take a couple of minutes." << endl;
 
-    gyro->calibrate(CALIBRATION_SAMPLES);
-    cout << "Calibration complete.  Reference value: "
-         << gyro->calibrationValue() << endl;
+    gyro.calibrate(CALIBRATION_SAMPLES);
+    cout << "Calibration complete.  Reference value: " << gyro.calibrationValue() << endl;
 
     // Read the input and print both the raw value and the angular velocity,
     // waiting 0.1 seconds between readings
-    while (shouldRun)
-    {
-        gyro->update();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        gyro.update();
 
-        cout << "Angular velocity: "
-             << gyro->angularVelocity()
-             << " deg/s"
-             << endl;
+        cout << "Angular velocity: " << gyro.angularVelocity() << " deg/s" << endl;
 
-        usleep(100000);
+        upm_delay_us(100000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-    delete gyro;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/flex.cxx

@@ -22,22 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "flex.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -50,17 +53,15 @@ int main()
     // and on the other pin to 5V.
 
     // Instantiate a Flex sensor on analog pin A0
-  upm::Flex *flex = new upm::Flex(0);
+    upm::Flex flex(0);
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "Flex value: " << flex->value() << endl;      
-      sleep(1);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "Flex value: " << flex.value() << endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete flex;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/gas-mq2.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq2.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq2.hpp"
 
 int is_running = 0;
 uint16_t buffer[128];
-upm::MQ2 *sensor = NULL;
 
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to A0
-    sensor = new upm::MQ2(0);
+    upm::MQ2 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     thresholdContext ctx;
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of the averages using a resolution of 5
     while (!is_running) {
-        int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-            int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-            sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq3.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq3.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq3.hpp"
 
 int is_running = 0;
 uint16_t buffer[128];
-upm::MQ3 *sensor = NULL;
 
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to A0
-    sensor = new upm::MQ3(0);
+    upm::MQ3 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     thresholdContext ctx;
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of the averages using a resolution of 5
     while (!is_running) {
-        int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-            int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-            sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq4.cxx

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq4.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq4.hpp"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ using namespace std;
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
 {
-  if (signo == SIGINT) 
-    {
+    if (signo == SIGINT) {
         shouldRun = false;
     }
 }
 
 //! [Interesting]
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to Analog A0
-  upm::MQ4 *sensor = new upm::MQ4(0);
+    upm::MQ4 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     uint16_t buffer[128];
@@ -60,12 +60,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // Repeatedly, take a sample every 2 microseconds;
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of asteriskss as averages
-  while (shouldRun) 
-    {
-      int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-        int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-        sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -74,8 +73,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-  
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq5.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq5.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq5.hpp"
 
 int is_running = 0;
 uint16_t buffer[128];
-upm::MQ5 *sensor = NULL;
 
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ sig_handler(int signo)
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
-    sensor = new upm::MQ5(0);
+    upm::MQ5 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     thresholdContext ctx;
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     ctx.averagedOver = 2;
 
     while (!is_running) {
-        int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-            int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-            sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 7);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 7);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -67,8 +67,6 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq6.cxx

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq6.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq6.hpp"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ using namespace std;
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
 {
-  if (signo == SIGINT) 
-    {
+    if (signo == SIGINT) {
         shouldRun = false;
     }
 }
 
 //! [Interesting]
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to Analog A0
-  upm::MQ6 *sensor = new upm::MQ6(0);
+    upm::MQ6 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     uint16_t buffer[128];
@@ -60,12 +60,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // Repeatedly, take a sample every 2 microseconds;
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of asteriskss as averages
-  while (shouldRun) 
-    {
-      int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-        int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-        sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -74,8 +73,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-  
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq7.cxx

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq7.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq7.hpp"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ using namespace std;
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
 {
-  if (signo == SIGINT) 
-    {
+    if (signo == SIGINT) {
         shouldRun = false;
     }
 }
 
 //! [Interesting]
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to Analog A0
-  upm::MQ7 *sensor = new upm::MQ7(0);
+    upm::MQ7 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     uint16_t buffer[128];
@@ -60,12 +60,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // Repeatedly, take a sample every 2 microseconds;
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of asteriskss as averages
-  while (shouldRun) 
-    {
-      int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-        int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-        sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -74,8 +73,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-  
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq8.cxx

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq8.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq8.hpp"
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ using namespace std;
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
 {
-  if (signo == SIGINT) 
-    {
+    if (signo == SIGINT) {
         shouldRun = false;
     }
 }
 
 //! [Interesting]
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     // Attach gas sensor to Analog A0
-  upm::MQ8 *sensor = new upm::MQ8(0);
+    upm::MQ8 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     uint16_t buffer[128];
@@ -60,12 +60,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     // Repeatedly, take a sample every 2 microseconds;
     // find the average of 128 samples; and
     // print a running graph of asteriskss as averages
-  while (shouldRun) 
-    {
-      int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-        int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-        sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -74,8 +73,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete sensor;
-  
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-mq9.cxx

@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "mq9.hpp"
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "gas.hpp"
+#include "mq9.hpp"
 
 int is_running = 0;
 uint16_t buffer[128];
-upm::MQ9 *sensor = NULL;
 
 void
 sig_handler(int signo)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ sig_handler(int signo)
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
-    sensor = new upm::MQ9(0);
+    upm::MQ9 sensor(0);
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     thresholdContext ctx;
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     ctx.averagedOver = 2;
 
     while (!is_running) {
-        int len = sensor->getSampledWindow (2, 128, buffer);
+        int len = sensor.getSampledWindow(2, 128, buffer);
         if (len) {
-            int thresh = sensor->findThreshold (&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
-            sensor->printGraph(&ctx, 5);
+            int thresh = sensor.findThreshold(&ctx, 30, buffer, len);
+            sensor.printGraph(&ctx, 5);
             if (thresh) {
                 // do something ....
             }
@@ -67,8 +67,6 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     std::cout << "exiting application" << std::endl;
 
-    delete sensor;
-
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gas-tp401.cxx

@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "tp401.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -34,18 +37,23 @@ using namespace std;
 std::string
 airQuality(uint16_t value)
 {
-    if(value < 50) return "Fresh Air";
-    if(value < 200) return "Normal Indoor Air";
-    if(value < 400) return "Low Pollution";
-    if(value < 600) return "High Pollution - Action Recommended";
+    if (value < 50)
+        return "Fresh Air";
+    if (value < 200)
+        return "Normal Indoor Air";
+    if (value < 400)
+        return "Low Pollution";
+    if (value < 600)
+        return "High Pollution - Action Recommended";
     return "Very High Pollution - Take Action Immediately";
 }
 
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
-    upm::TP401* airSensor = new upm::TP401(0); // Instantiate new grove air quality sensor on analog pin A0
+    upm::TP401 airSensor(0);
 
-    cout << airSensor->name() << endl;
+    cout << airSensor.name() << endl;
 
     fprintf(stdout, "Heating sensor for 3 minutes...\n");
     // wait 3 minutes for sensor to warm up
@@ -53,18 +61,17 @@ int main ()
         if (i) {
             fprintf(stdout, "Please wait, %d minute(s) passed..\n", i);
         }
-        sleep(60);
+        upm_delay(60);
     }
     fprintf(stdout, "Sensor ready!\n");
 
     while (true) {
-        uint16_t value = airSensor->getSample(); // Read raw value
-        float ppm = airSensor->getPPM();    // Read CO ppm (can vary slightly from previous read)
+        uint16_t value = airSensor.getSample(); // Read raw value
+        float ppm = airSensor.getPPM(); // Read CO ppm (can vary slightly from previous read)
         fprintf(stdout, "raw: %4d ppm: %5.2f   %s\n", value, ppm, airQuality(value).c_str());
-        usleep(2500000);    // Sleep for 2.5s
+        upm_delay_us(2500000); // Sleep for 2.5s
     }
 
-    delete airSensor;
     return 0;
 }
 //! [Interesting]

examples/c++/gp2y0a.cxx

@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "gp2y0a.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -35,13 +36,15 @@ bool shouldRun = true;
 #define GP2Y0A_AREF 5.0
 #define SAMPLES_PER_QUERY 20
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -51,23 +54,20 @@ int main()
     // will use the available A1 pin for data.
 
     // Instantiate a GP2Y0A on analog pin A1
-  upm::GP2Y0A *volts = new upm::GP2Y0A(1);
+    upm::GP2Y0A volts(1);
 
     // The higher the voltage (closer to AREF) the closer the object is.  NOTE:
     // the measured voltage will probably not exceed 3.3 volts.
     // Every second, print the averaged voltage value (averaged over 20 samples).
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      cout << "AREF: " << GP2Y0A_AREF 
-           << ", Voltage value (higher means closer): " 
-           << volts->value(GP2Y0A_AREF, SAMPLES_PER_QUERY) << endl;
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << "AREF: " << GP2Y0A_AREF << ", Voltage value (higher means closer): "
+             << volts.value(GP2Y0A_AREF, SAMPLES_PER_QUERY) << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete volts;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/gprs.cxx

@@ -22,79 +22,71 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "gprs.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
-void printUsage(char *progname)
+void
+printUsage(char* progname)
 {
     cout << "Usage: " << progname << " [AT command]" << endl;
     cout << endl;
 
-  cout << "If an argument is supplied on the command line, that argument is"
-       << endl;
+    cout << "If an argument is supplied on the command line, that argument is" << endl;
     cout << "sent to the module and the response is printed out." << endl;
     cout << endl;
-  cout << "If no argument is used, then the manufacturer and the current" 
-       << endl;
+    cout << "If no argument is used, then the manufacturer and the current" << endl;
     cout << "saved profiles are queried and the results printed out." << endl;
     cout << endl;
     cout << endl;
 }
 
 // simple helper function to send a command and wait for a response
-void sendCommand(upm::GPRS* sensor, string cmd)
+void
+sendCommand(upm::GPRS& sensor, string cmd)
 {
     // commands need to be terminated with a carriage return
     cmd += "\r";
 
-  sensor->writeDataStr(cmd);
+    sensor.writeDataStr(cmd);
 
     // wait up to 1 second
-  if (sensor->dataAvailable(1000))
-    {
-      cout << "Returned: " << sensor->readDataStr(1024) << endl;
-    }
-  else
-    {
+    if (sensor.dataAvailable(1000)) {
+        cout << "Returned: " << sensor.readDataStr(1024) << endl;
+    } else {
         cerr << "Timed out waiting for response" << endl;
     }
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a GPRS Module on UART 0
-  upm::GPRS* sensor = new upm::GPRS(0);
+    upm::GPRS sensor(0);
 
     // Set the baud rate, 19200 baud is the default.
-  if (sensor->setBaudRate(19200) != mraa::SUCCESS)
-    {
+    if (sensor.setBaudRate(19200) != 0) {
         cerr << "Failed to set tty baud rate" << endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
     printUsage(argv[0]);
 
-  if (argc > 1)
-    {
+    if (argc > 1) {
         cout << "Sending command line argument (" << argv[1] << ")..." << endl;
         sendCommand(sensor, argv[1]);
-    }
-  else
-    {
+    } else {
         // query the module manufacturer
         cout << "Querying module manufacturer (AT+CGMI)..." << endl;
         sendCommand(sensor, "AT+CGMI");
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
 
         // query the saved profiles
         cout << "Querying the saved profiles (AT&V)..." << endl;
@@ -106,6 +98,5 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grove-grovebutton.cxx

@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <string>
+
+#include "grovebutton.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -33,16 +35,15 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Create the button object using GPIO pin 0
-    upm::GroveButton* button = new upm::GroveButton(0);
+    upm::GroveButton button(0);
 
     // Read the input and print, waiting one second between readings
     while (1) {
-        std::cout << button->name() << " value is " << button->value() << std::endl;
-        sleep(1);
+        std::cout << button.name() << " value is " << button.value() << std::endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the button object
-    delete button;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/grove-groveled-multi.cxx

@@ -22,23 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+
+#include "groveled.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -48,21 +50,19 @@ int main()
     // Multi-color flash LED.  We just just need to turn it on - it will
     // then cycle through various colors (red, green, blue, purple) on it's
     // own until turned off.
-  upm::GroveLed* led = new upm::GroveLed(2);
+    upm::GroveLed led(2);
 
     // start the light show
-  led->on();
+    led.on();
 
-  // just sleep until interrupted
+    // just upm_delay until interrupted
     while (shouldRun)
-    sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  led->off();
+    led.off();
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete led;
-  
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grove-groveled.cxx

@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <string>
+
+#include "groveled.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -33,22 +35,21 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Create the Grove LED object using GPIO pin 2
-    upm::GroveLed* led = new upm::GroveLed(2);
+    upm::GroveLed led(2);
 
     // Print the name
-    std::cout << led->name() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << led.name() << std::endl;
 
     // Turn the LED on and off 10 times, pausing one second
     // between transitions
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-        led->on();
-        sleep(1);
-        led->off();
-        sleep(1);
+        led.on();
+        upm_delay(1);
+        led.off();
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the Grove LED object
-    delete led;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/grove-grovelight.cxx

@@ -23,27 +23,28 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <string>
+
+#include "grovelight.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Create the light sensor object using AIO pin 0
-    upm::GroveLight* light = new upm::GroveLight(0);
+    upm::GroveLight light(0);
 
     // Read the input and print both the raw value and a rough lux value,
     // waiting one second between readings
     while (1) {
-        std::cout << light->name() << " raw value is " << light->raw_value() <<
-            ", which is roughly " << light->value() << " lux" << std::endl;
-        sleep(1);
+        std::cout << light.name() << " raw value is " << light.raw_value() << ", which is roughly "
+                  << light.value() << " lux" << std::endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the light sensor object
-    delete light;
     //! [Interesting]
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grove-groverelay.cxx

@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <string>
+
+#include "groverelay.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -33,25 +35,24 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Create the relay switch object using GPIO pin 0
-    upm::GroveRelay* relay = new upm::GroveRelay(0);
+    upm::GroveRelay relay(0);
 
     // Close and then open the relay switch 3 times,
     // waiting one second each time.  The LED on the relay switch
     // will light up when the switch is on (closed).
     // The switch will also make a noise between transitions.
     for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-        relay->on();
-        if ( relay->isOn() ) 
-            std::cout << relay->name() << " is on" << std::endl;
-        sleep(1);
-        relay->off();
-        if ( relay->isOff() ) 
-            std::cout << relay->name() << " is off" << std::endl;
-        sleep(1);
+        relay.on();
+        if (relay.isOn())
+            std::cout << relay.name() << " is on" << std::endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
+        relay.off();
+        if (relay.isOff())
+            std::cout << relay.name() << " is off" << std::endl;
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the relay switch object
-    delete relay;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/grove-groverotary.cxx

@@ -22,36 +22,46 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iomanip>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "groverotary.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a rotary sensor on analog pin A0
-    upm::GroveRotary* knob = new upm::GroveRotary(0);
+    upm::GroveRotary knob(0);
 
     // Print sensor name to confirm it initialized properly
-    cout << knob->name() << endl;
+    cout << knob.name() << endl;
 
     while (true) {
-        float abs_value = knob->abs_value(); // Absolute raw value
-        float abs_deg = knob->abs_deg();     // Absolute degrees
-        float abs_rad = knob->abs_rad();     // Absolute radians
-        float rel_value = knob->rel_value(); // Relative raw value
-        float rel_deg = knob->rel_deg();     // Relative degrees
-        float rel_rad = knob->rel_rad();     // Relative radians
+        float abs_value = knob.abs_value(); // Absolute raw value
+        float abs_deg = knob.abs_deg();     // Absolute degrees
+        float abs_rad = knob.abs_rad();     // Absolute radians
+        float rel_value = knob.rel_value(); // Relative raw value
+        float rel_deg = knob.rel_deg();     // Relative degrees
+        float rel_rad = knob.rel_rad();     // Relative radians
 
-        fprintf(stdout, "Absolute: %4d raw %5.2f deg = %3.2f rad Relative: %4d raw %5.2f deg %3.2f rad\n",
-                (int16_t)abs_value, abs_deg, abs_rad, (int16_t)rel_value, rel_deg, rel_rad);
+        fprintf(stdout,
+                "Absolute: %4d raw %5.2f deg = %3.2f rad Relative: %4d raw %5.2f "
+                "deg %3.2f rad\n",
+                (int16_t) abs_value,
+                abs_deg,
+                abs_rad,
+                (int16_t) rel_value,
+                rel_deg,
+                rel_rad);
 
-        usleep(2500000); // Sleep for 2.5s
+        upm_delay_us(2500000); // Sleep for 2.5s
     }
     //! [Interesting]
-    delete knob;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grove-groveslide.cxx

@@ -22,29 +22,31 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iomanip>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "groveslide.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     //! [Interesting]
-    upm::GroveSlide* slide = new upm::GroveSlide(0);    // Instantiate new grove slide potentiometer on analog pin A0
+    upm::GroveSlide slide(0);
 
-    cout << slide->name() << endl;
+    cout << slide.name() << endl;
 
     while (true) {
-        float adc_value = slide->raw_value();       // Read raw value
-        float volts = slide->voltage_value();    // Read voltage, board reference set at 5.0V
+        float adc_value = slide.raw_value(); // Read raw value
+        float volts = slide.voltage_value(); // Read voltage, board reference set at 5.0V
         fprintf(stdout, "%4d = %.2f V\n", (uint16_t) adc_value, volts);
 
-        usleep(2500000);    // Sleep for 2.5s
+        upm_delay_us(2500000); // Sleep for 2.5s
     }
     //! [Interesting]
-    delete slide;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grove-grovetemp.cxx

@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iomanip>
-#include "grove.hpp"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "grovetemp.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 int
 main(int argc, char** argv)
@@ -34,21 +36,19 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Create the temperature sensor object using AIO pin 0
-    upm::GroveTemp* temp = new upm::GroveTemp(0);
-    std::cout << temp->name() << std::endl;
+    upm::GroveTemp temp(0);
+    std::cout << temp.name() << std::endl;
 
     // Read the temperature ten times, printing both the Celsius and
     // equivalent Fahrenheit temperature, waiting one second between readings
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-        int celsius = temp->value();
+        int celsius = temp.value();
         int fahrenheit = (int) (celsius * 9.0 / 5.0 + 32.0);
-        printf("%d degrees Celsius, or %d degrees Fahrenheit\n",
-                celsius, fahrenheit);
-        sleep(1);
+        printf("%d degrees Celsius, or %d degrees Fahrenheit\n", celsius, fahrenheit);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     // Delete the temperature sensor object
-    delete temp;
     //! [Interesting]
 
     return 0;

examples/c++/grovecollision.cxx

@@ -22,40 +22,38 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "grovecollision.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the Grove Collision Sensor
     // Instantiate a Grove Collision on digital pin D2
-  upm::GroveCollision* collision = new upm::GroveCollision(2);
+    upm::GroveCollision collision(2);
 
     bool collisionState = false;
     cout << "No collision" << endl;
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-	if (collision->isColliding() && !collisionState)
-	{
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        if (collision.isColliding() && !collisionState) {
             cout << "Collision!" << endl;
             collisionState = true;
-	}
-	else if (collisionState)
-	{
+        } else if (collisionState) {
             cout << "No collision" << endl;
             collisionState = false;
         }
@@ -64,6 +62,5 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     //! [Interesting]
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete collision;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/groveehr.cxx

@@ -22,57 +22,57 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "groveehr.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Grove Ear-clip Heart Rate sensor on digital pin D2
-  upm::GroveEHR* heart = new upm::GroveEHR(2);
+    upm::GroveEHR heart(2);
 
     // set the beat counter to 0, init the clock and start counting beats
-  heart->clearBeatCounter();
-  heart->initClock();
-  heart->startBeatCounter();
+    heart.clearBeatCounter();
+    heart.initClock();
+    heart.startBeatCounter();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         // we grab these just for display purposes in this example
-      uint32_t millis = heart->getMillis();
-      uint32_t beats = heart->beatCounter();
+        uint32_t millis = heart.getMillis();
+        uint32_t beats = heart.beatCounter();
 
         // heartRate() requires that at least 5 seconds pass before
         // returning anything other than 0
-      int hr = heart->heartRate();
+        int hr = heart.heartRate();
 
         // output milliseconds passed, beat count, and computed heart rate
         cout << "Millis: " << millis << " Beats: " << beats;
         cout << " Heart Rate: " << hr << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
-  heart->stopBeatCounter();
+    heart.stopBeatCounter();
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete heart;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/groveeldriver.cxx

@@ -22,45 +22,46 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "groveeldriver.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the Grove El Driver Module
     // Instantiate a Grove El Driver on digital pin D2
-  upm::GroveElDriver* eldriver = new upm::GroveElDriver(2);
+    upm::GroveElDriver eldriver(2);
 
     bool lightState = true;
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
+    while (shouldRun) {
         if (lightState)
-		eldriver->on();
+            eldriver.on();
         else
-		eldriver->off();
+            eldriver.off();
         lightState = !lightState;
-	sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  eldriver->off();
+    eldriver.off();
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete eldriver;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/groveelectromagnet.cxx

@@ -22,58 +22,60 @@
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
 #include <iostream>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
 #include "groveelectromagnet.hpp"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-float get_time()
+float
+get_time()
 {
     return ((float) (clock())) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the Grove Electromagnetic Module
     // Instantiate a Grove Electromagnet on digital pin D2
-  upm::GroveElectromagnet* magnet = new upm::GroveElectromagnet(2);
+    upm::GroveElectromagnet magnet(2);
     cout << "Starting up magnet...." << endl;
-  magnet->off();
+    magnet.off();
 
     bool magnetState = false;
     float time_passed = get_time();
 
     // Turn magnet on and off every 5 seconds
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-	if ((get_time() - time_passed) > 5.0)
-	{
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        if ((get_time() - time_passed) > 5.0) {
             magnetState = !magnetState;
             if (magnetState)
-			magnet->on();
+                magnet.on();
             else
-			magnet->off();
+                magnet.off();
             cout << "Turning magnet " << ((magnetState) ? "on" : "off") << endl;
             time_passed = get_time();
         }
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
-  magnet->off();
+    magnet.off();
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete magnet;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/groveemg.cxx

@@ -21,40 +21,41 @@
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "groveemg.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // The was tested with the GroveEMG Muscle Signal Reader Sensor Module
     // Instantiate a GroveEMG on analog pin A0
-  upm::GroveEMG *emg = new upm::GroveEMG(0);
+    upm::GroveEMG emg(0);
     cout << "Calibrating...." << endl;
-  emg->calibrate();
+    emg.calibrate();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-    cout << emg->value() << endl;
-    usleep(100000);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << emg.value() << endl;
+        upm_delay_us(100000);
     }
 
     //! [Interesting]
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
-  delete emg;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grovegprs.cxx

@@ -22,79 +22,71 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "grovegprs.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 using namespace upm;
 
-void printUsage(char *progname)
+void
+printUsage(char* progname)
 {
     cout << "Usage: " << progname << " [AT command]" << endl;
     cout << endl;
 
-  cout << "If an argument is supplied on the command line, that argument is"
-       << endl;
+    cout << "If an argument is supplied on the command line, that argument is" << endl;
     cout << "sent to the module and the response is printed out." << endl;
     cout << endl;
-  cout << "If no argument is used, then the manufacturer and the current" 
-       << endl;
+    cout << "If no argument is used, then the manufacturer and the current" << endl;
     cout << "saved profiles are queried and the results printed out." << endl;
     cout << endl;
     cout << endl;
 }
 
 // simple helper function to send a command and wait for a response
-void sendCommand(upm::GroveGPRS* sensor, string cmd)
+void
+sendCommand(upm::GroveGPRS& sensor, string cmd)
 {
     // commands need to be terminated with a carriage return
     cmd += "\r";
 
-  sensor->writeDataStr(cmd);
+    sensor.writeDataStr(cmd);
 
     // wait up to 1 second
-  if (sensor->dataAvailable(1000))
-    {
-      cout << "Returned: " << sensor->readDataStr(1024) << endl;
-    }
-  else
-    {
+    if (sensor.dataAvailable(1000)) {
+        cout << "Returned: " << sensor.readDataStr(1024) << endl;
+    } else {
         cerr << "Timed out waiting for response" << endl;
     }
 }
 
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
 
     // Instantiate a GroveGPRS Module on UART 0
-  upm::GroveGPRS* sensor = new upm::GroveGPRS(0);
+    upm::GroveGPRS sensor(0);
 
     // Set the baud rate, 19200 baud is the default.
-  if (sensor->setBaudRate(19200) != mraa::SUCCESS)
-    {
+    if (sensor.setBaudRate(19200) != 0) {
         cerr << "Failed to set tty baud rate" << endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
     printUsage(argv[0]);
 
-  if (argc > 1)
-    {
+    if (argc > 1) {
         cout << "Sending command line argument (" << argv[1] << ")..." << endl;
         sendCommand(sensor, argv[1]);
-    }
-  else
-    {
+    } else {
         // query the module manufacturer
         cout << "Querying module manufacturer (AT+CGMI)..." << endl;
         sendCommand(sensor, "AT+CGMI");
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
 
         // query the saved profiles
         cout << "Querying the saved profiles (AT&V)..." << endl;
@@ -106,6 +98,5 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
-  delete sensor;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grovegsr.cxx

@@ -22,22 +22,25 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "grovegsr.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 bool shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-int main()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
@@ -45,19 +48,17 @@ int main()
     // The was tested with the GroveGSR Galvanic Skin Response Sensor module.
 
     // Instantiate a GroveGSR on analog pin A0
-  upm::GroveGSR *gsr = new upm::GroveGSR(0);
+    upm::GroveGSR gsr(0);
     cout << "Calibrating...." << endl;
-  gsr->calibrate();
+    gsr.calibrate();
 
-  while (shouldRun)
-  {
-      cout << gsr->value() << endl;
-      usleep(500000);
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        cout << gsr.value() << endl;
+        upm_delay_us(500000);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting" << endl;
 
-  delete gsr;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grovelinefinder.cxx

@@ -22,45 +22,45 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <signal.h>
+
 #include "grovelinefinder.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
 int shouldRun = true;
 
-void sig_handler(int signo)
+void
+sig_handler(int signo)
 {
     if (signo == SIGINT)
         shouldRun = false;
 }
 
-
-int main ()
+int
+main()
 {
     signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate a Grove Line Finder sensor on digital pin D2
-  upm::GroveLineFinder* finder = new upm::GroveLineFinder(2);
+    upm::GroveLineFinder finder(2);
 
     // check every second for the presence of white detection
-  while (shouldRun)
-    {
-      bool val = finder->whiteDetected();
+    while (shouldRun) {
+        bool val = finder.whiteDetected();
         if (val)
             cout << "White detected." << endl;
         else
             cout << "Black detected." << endl;
 
-      sleep(1);
+        upm_delay(1);
     }
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete finder;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grovemd-stepper.cxx

@@ -22,45 +22,44 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "grovemd.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an I2C Grove Motor Driver on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::GroveMD *motors = new upm::GroveMD(GROVEMD_I2C_BUS, 
-                                          GROVEMD_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::GroveMD motors(GROVEMD_I2C_BUS, GROVEMD_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     // This example demonstrates using the GroveMD to drive a stepper motor
 
     // configure it, for this example, we'll assume 200 steps per rev
-  motors->configStepper(200);
+    motors.configStepper(200);
 
     // set for half a rotation
-  motors->setStepperSteps(100);
+    motors.setStepperSteps(100);
 
     // let it go - clockwise rotation, 10 RPM speed
-  motors->enableStepper(upm::GroveMD::STEP_DIR_CW, 10);
+    motors.enableStepper(upm::GroveMD::STEP_DIR_CW, 10);
 
-  sleep(3);
+    upm_delay(3);
 
     // Now do it backwards...
-  motors->setStepperSteps(100);
-  motors->enableStepper(upm::GroveMD::STEP_DIR_CCW, 10);
+    motors.setStepperSteps(100);
+    motors.enableStepper(upm::GroveMD::STEP_DIR_CCW, 10);
 
     // now disable
-  motors->disableStepper();
+    motors.disableStepper();
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete motors;
     return 0;
 }

examples/c++/grovemd.cxx

@@ -22,39 +22,38 @@
  * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
 #include <iostream>
+
 #include "grovemd.hpp"
+#include "upm_utilities.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     //! [Interesting]
     // Instantiate an I2C Grove Motor Driver on I2C bus 0
 
-  upm::GroveMD *motors = new upm::GroveMD(GROVEMD_I2C_BUS, 
-                                          GROVEMD_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
+    upm::GroveMD motors(GROVEMD_I2C_BUS, GROVEMD_DEFAULT_I2C_ADDR);
 
     // set direction to CW and set speed to 50%
     cout << "Spin M1 and M2 at half speed for 3 seconds" << endl;
-  motors->setMotorDirections(upm::GroveMD::DIR_CW, upm::GroveMD::DIR_CW);
-  motors->setMotorSpeeds(127, 127);
+    motors.setMotorDirections(upm::GroveMD::DIR_CW, upm::GroveMD::DIR_CW);
+    motors.setMotorSpeeds(127, 127);
 
-  sleep(3);
+    upm_delay(3);
     // counter clockwise
     cout << "Reversing M1 and M2 for 3 seconds" << endl;
-  motors->setMotorDirections(upm::GroveMD::DIR_CCW, upm::GroveMD::DIR_CCW);
-  sleep(3);
+    motors.setMotorDirections(upm::GroveMD::DIR_CCW, upm::GroveMD::DIR_CCW);
+    upm_delay(3);
 
     //! [Interesting]
 
     cout << "Stopping motors" << endl;
-  motors->setMotorSpeeds(0, 0);
+    motors.setMotorSpeeds(0, 0);
 
     cout << "Exiting..." << endl;
 
-  delete motors;
     return 0;
 }